高中重要语法笔记无练习.docx
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高中重要语法笔记无练习.docx
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高中重要语法笔记无练习
一、定语从句
概念:
定语从句又叫形容词性从句,即一个句子修饰一个名词的结构
e.g.Theboywhogetinjuredintheaccidentwassenttohospitalimmediately.
一、基本用法
1.关系代词:
that,which,who,whom,whose和as
先行词指人
先行词指物
缺主语
that,who
that,which
缺宾语
that,who,whom,/
that,which,/
属格词
whose/ofwhom
whose/ofwhich
★当先行词指物,从句又缺主语或宾语时,可用that/which,当以下情况只能用that
1.当先行词是all,much,little,something,everything,none,theone等不定代词时
2.当先行词被all,any,few,little,theonly,thevery,justthe所修饰时
3.当先行词是形容词最高级或被最高级所修饰时
4.当先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰时
5.先行词既有人又有物时
6.以which开头的问句,为了避免重复,宜用that引导
e.g.Allthatwehavetodoistoreaditeveryday.
e.g.ThisistheonlybookthatIwanttobuy.
e.g.Hetalkedabouttheteachersandschoolsthathehadvisited.
e.g.Whichisthewatchthatyoulost?
★当先行词指人,从句中用缺主语或宾语时,可用that/who,在以下情况中一般用who
1.当先行词是one,ones,anyone,someone,everyone,those等指人的代词时
e.g.Theteacherrepeatedthelessonforthebenefitofthosewhohadbeenabsent.
2.在therebe开头的句子中
e.g.Therearemanymemberswhoarefortheplan.
注意:
但是当主句以who开头的问句时,定语从句的关系词多用that
e.g.Whoisthemanthatwonthefirstplaceinthecompetition?
2.关系副词
关系副词
when
在从句中作时间状语
where
在从句中作地点状语
why
在从句中作原因状语
★①当先行词是表示时间的time,period,age,day,moment,month,occasion等时,如果从句不缺主语和宾语,就用when引导。
e.g.Wearelivinginanagewhenmanythingsaredoneoncomputers.
②当先行词是表示地点的place,activity,case,point,situation,condition,stage,scene等时,如果从句不缺主语和宾语,就用where引导。
(where用的最多,可以表示抽象的地点)
e.g.Theyfinallyreachedthepointwheresomechangeswereneeded.
③当先行词是表示原因的reason时,如果从句不缺主语和宾语,就用why引导。
比较:
e.g.Thisisthecitywhich/thatIpaidavisitto.
ThisisthecitywhereItravelled.
3.介词+which,介词+whom,介词+whose
①介词的选定,主要依据从句中的谓语动词或形容词的习惯搭配
e.g.ThisisthecameraonwhichIspent6yuan.(spend…onsth.)
ThisisthecameraforwhichIpaid6yuan.(payforsth.)
②有时要依据先行词的搭配习惯来决定
e.g.Iremembertheday_onwhich__Icametomytowerofivory.(ontheday)
Irememberthedays_duringwhich_IvisitedParis.(duringthedays)
③根据从句中动词与先行词的逻辑关系。
e.g.Isthatthenewspaperforwhichyouoftenwritearticles?
★Irecognizedthebossinwhosecompanymysisterwasworking
★注意:
表示整体中的一部分时,要用介词of
e.g.Ourschoolhas80teachers,50ofwhomarewomen.
4.theway作先行词时,如果从句不缺主语也不缺宾语,引导词要用that,inwhich,或“/”
★如果从句缺主语或宾语,theway指物,引导词要用that,which,或“不填”(缺宾语时)
①Thewaythat/inwhich/不填heexplainedthesentencetouswasnotdifficulttounderstand.
②Thewaythat/which/不填heexplainedtouswasquitesimple.
5.非限制性定语从句不能用that和why引导,且所有关系词都不能省略;
非限制性定语从句中,as和which可以指代整句话,as引导的从句可以位于句首、句中或句末,as含有“正如”的意思。
★先行词为事物时,在非限制性定语从句中,“whose+名词”可转换为the+名词+ofwhich
ofwhichthe+名词
e.g.Thatbuilding,whosewallsarewhite,isawell-equippedlibrary.
=Thatbuilding,ofwhichthewallsarewhite,isawell-equippedlibrary.
=Thatbuilding,thewallsofwhicharewhite,isawell-equippedlibrary.
二、考试热点
1.定语从句中的主谓一致
①Heisoneofthestudentswhohavebeenpraisedatthemeeting.
②Heistheonlyoneofthestudentswhohasbeenpraisedatthemeeting.
③Oneofthestudentshasbeenpraisedatthemeeting.
④Heisnottheonlyoneoftheboyswhohavepassedtheexam.
=Heisoneoftheboyswhohavepassedtheexam.
⑤在非限制性定语从句中,当as和which作主语,并指代主句整句话时,从句的谓语动词用单数形式。
e.g.Hehaspassedthecollegeentranceexamination,whichmakeshisparentsquitehappy.
2.介词+which,介词+whom(见上面的第3点)
3.先行词指物时,that和which的选用(见上面第1点)
4.as的用法(在限制性定语从句中,如果先行词被thesame,such,so,as修饰,从句又缺主语或宾语,从句的引导词要用as
①thesame…as指同一类
thesame…that指同一个
e.g.I have bought the same watch as you have. (我的手表和你的手表很像,但不是同一块。
)
e.g.This is the same watch that I lost.(这手表和我丢的手表是同一块)
e.g.Hewentbacktothesameplacewherehestartedhisjourneytenyearsbefore.
②Asisknowntoall,ChinahasjoinedtheWTO.(非限制性定语从句)
ItisknowntoallthatChinahasjoinedtheWTO.
WhatisknowntoallisthatChinahasjoinedtheWTO.
5.分隔式定语从句
e.g.ThereisanexpressiononherfacethatIcan’tunderstand.
e.g.Heisthetopstudentinourclasswhowethinkislovedbyeveryone.
e.g.Heputforwardatheory,whichIthinkisofgreatimportancetotheprogressofscienceoftechnology.(定语从句中有插入语)
三、考试难点
1.定语从句与并列句
Mr.Lihasthreesons,noneofwhomisanengineer.(定语从句)
Mr.Lihasthreesons,butnoneofthemisanengineer.(并列句)
Mr.Lihasthreesons;noneofthemisanengineer.
Mr.Lihasthreesons,noneofthembeinganengineer.(独立主格结构)
2.定语从句与状语从句的区分
Itissuchaninterestingbookthatwealllikeit.(结果状语从句)(such…that…)
Itissuchaninterestingbookaswealllike.(定语从句)(such…as…)
Youcanmakeamarkintheplacewhereyouhavequestions.(定语从句)
Youcanmakeamarkwhereyouhavequestions.(地点状语从句)
3.定语从句与同位语从句
(1)从意义上说,同位语从句是对前面名词的补充说明其具体内容,定语从句是对前面的名词进行修饰和限定
(2)引导同位语从句的连接词不可以省略,而定语从句的关系词作宾语时常可以省略。
(3)同位语从句说明的名词大都是抽象名词,如news,fact,idea,tho
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