江苏大学研究生学位英语真题.docx

江苏大学研究生学位英语真题.docx

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江苏大学研究生学位英语真题

EST1

Part

ListeningComprehension

Section1,Conversation（10minutes,10points）

Section2,Passages（10minutes,10points）

PartII:

ClozeTest（10minutes,15points）

ScientistswhostudytheEarth'sclimateareconvincedthatvolcanoeruptionshaveasignificanteffectongeneralweatherpatterns.Infact,oneofthemany（36）whichattempttoexplainhowaniceagebeginsholdsthatthe（37）isadramaticincreaseinvolcaniceruptions.Thevolcanicexplosions,besidescausinglocalthunderstormsandlightning,injectgreatamountsofgasand（38）_intothestratosphere（同温层）.Atthis（39），thevolcanicmaterialspreadsallthewayaroundtheEarth.Thisvolcanicmaterial（40）acertainamountofsunlightand（41）somebackintospace.Thenetresultisto（42）theplanet'ssurface.Forinstance,43wasperhapsthelargesteruptionoccurredin1883whentheIndonesiavolcanoKrakatoaexploded.Thefollowingyearwas（44）inEuropeasthe"yearwithoutsummer"becausethe（45）wassocoolandrainy.

Whilethereis（46）scientificagreementthatvolcaniceruptioncanleadtocooling,（47）ofhowthishappensarenotclear.Asaresult,scientistscannot（48）whetherthevolcanicactivitywhich（49）pasticeageswouldresult（50）sufficientcoolingtocauseaglacialperiod.Similarly,itisnotpossibleforscientiststopredicttheclimateeffectofafuturevolcaniceruptionwithanyconfidence.

36.A.theoriesB.inventionsC.judgmentsD.discoveries

37.A.causeB.courseC.meansD.case

38.A.petroleumB.ashC.flameD.garbage

39.A.relationB.instanceC.momentD.altitude

40.A.scattersB.releasesC.constitutesD.absorbs

41.A.carriesB.convertsC.reflectsD.gathers

42.A.coolB.warmC.freezeD.heat

43.A.suchB.whatC.thereD.that

44.A.knownB.reportedC.markedD.testified

45.A.airB.temperatureC.skyD.weather

46.A.committedB.optimisticC.generalD.absolute

47.A.indexesB.predictionsC.detailsD.decisions

48.A.analyzeB.determineC.assureD.assume

49.A.confrontedB.promotedC.proceedD.preceded

50.A.inB.fromC.toD.with

Part

Reading

PassageOne

Weuseemotivelanguagetoexpressourownattitudesandfeelings.Wealsodirectemotivelanguageatotherpeopletopersuadethemtobelieveaswedoortodoaswewantthemtodo;and,ofcourse,otherpeopledirectemotivelanguageatustogetustobelieveortodowhattheywant.

Wearesubjectedtoaconstantstreamofpersuasiondayin,dayout,athomeandinschool,ontheradioandontelevision.Itcomesfromparentsandteachers,frompreachersandpoliticians,fromeditorsandcommentators,but,mostofall,ofcourse,fromadvertisers.Mostofthispersuasionisexpressedinemotivelanguageandisintendedtoappealtoourfeelingsratherthantobeweighedupbyourpowersofreasoning.

Weshouldlookatthemotivesbehindallthispersuasion.Whydotheywanttopersuadeus?

Whatdotheywantustodo?

Wearenotthinkingveryclearlyunlesswetrytoseethroughtheveilofwordsandrealizesomethingofthespeaker'spurpose.

Anappealtoemotionisinitselfneithergoodorbad.Ouremotionsexistandtheyarepartofourpersonality.Onsomeoccasionspeopleappealtoouremotionsonthehighestlevelsandfromthebestofmotives.AcaseinpointisChurchill'swartimespeeches:

whateverpeoplethoughtofChurchillasapolitician,theywereunitedbehindhimwhenhespokeasnationalleaderinthosedarkdays---theirfeelingsrespondedtohiscallforresolutionandunity.

Itisacharacteristicofsocialgroupsthatthemembershaveafeelingofpersonalattachmenttothegroup---tothefamilyinearliestchildhoodandextendinglatertotheschool,theteam,thechurch,thenation,inpatternsthatvaryfromtimetotime.Henceaspeakerfromourgroupwillfindinusfeelingstowhichhecanreadilyandgenuinelyappeal,whetherourreactionisfavorableornot.Weareatleastopentotheappealandweappreciatethecontextinwhichitismade.

1.Themajorfunctionsofemotivelanguagediscussedinthepassageareto-.

A.extendourpowersofreasoningandcarryoutapurpose

B.advertiseandproducethewantedsocialeffects

C.showone'sfeelingsandappealtothoseofothers

D.makeothersbelieveinusandrespondtoourfeelings

2.Itissuggestedinthethirdparagraphofthispassagethatwe-.

Ashouldkeepacoolheadwhensubjectedtopersuasionofvariouskinds

Bneedtojudgewhetherapersuasionismadeforgoodorbad

C.havetocarefullyuseouremotivelanguage

D.shouldavoidbeingeasilyseenthroughbyanappealfromothers

3.Thesourcefromwhichemotivelanguageflowsuponusinitsgreatestamountis-.

A.themassmediaB.theeducationalinstitutions

C.thereligiouscirclesD.theadvertisingbusiness

4.Churchillismentionedinthepassageas-'

A.anexampleofhowpeopleweigheduppersuasionwithreasoning

B.anationalleaderwhobroughtoutpeople'sbestfeelings

C.apositiveexampleofappealingtopeople'smotion

D.apoliticianwhohasbeenknownasagoodspeaker

5.WhatisNOTmentionedasrelevanttoouremotionsinthispassage?

A.SocialcontextB.Personalexperience

C.ThepersonalityofnationalleadersD.Religiousbelief

6.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatapersuasivespeakermust.

A.findoutwhatgrouphisaudienceisattachedto

B.varyhisspeechpatternsfromtimetotime

C.knowhowtoadapthiswayofspeakingtotheneedsoftheaudience

D.beawarewhetherthelistenersarefavorabletohisopinionornot

PassageTwo

Asgoodsandservicesimproved,peoplewerepersuadedtospendtheirmoneyonchangingfromoldtonew,andfoundthechangeworththeexpenses.Whenanairlineequippeditselfwithjets,forexample,itscosts（andthereforeairfare）wouldgoup,butthenewplanesmeantsuchanimprovementthatthehighercostwasjustified.Anewcar（orwireless,washingmachine,electrickettle）madelifesomuchmorecomfortablethantheoldonethatthehighcostofreplacementwasfullyrepaid.Manufacturersstillcrytheirwaresaspersuasivelyasever,butaretheimprovementsreallyworthpayingfor?

Inmanyfieldsthingshavenowreachedsuchahighstandardofperformancethatfurtherprogressisverylimitedandveryexpensive.Airlines,forexample,gotoenormousexpenseinbuyingthelatestprestigejets,inwhichvastresearchcostshavebeenspentonrelativelysmallimprovements.Ifwescrapthesevastcostswemightlosethechanceofcuttingminutesawayfromflyingtimes,butwouldn'titbebettertoseeairfaresdropdramatically,ascapitalcostsbecomerelativelyinsignificant?

Again,inthecontextofa70mphlimit,withplatoonsofcarstravelingsodenselyastocontroleachother'sspeeds,improvementsinperformancearevirtuallyirrelevant;improvementsinhandlingareunnecessary,asmostproductioncarsgriptheroadperfectly;andcomforthasnowreachedaveryhighlevelindeed.Smallimprovementshereareunlikelytobeworththethousandsthatanybodyreplacinganordinaryfamilycareverytwoyearsmayultimatelyhavespentonthem.Letusinsteadhavecars---orwireless,electrickettles,washingmachines,televisionsets---whicharemadetolast,andnottobereplaced.Significantprogressisobviouslyagoodthing;buttheinsignificantprogressionfrommodel-changetomodel-changeisnot.

7.Theauthorobviouslyischallengingthesocialnormthat-.

A.itis.importanttoimprovegoodsandservices

B.developmentoftechnologymakesourlifemorecomfortable

C.itisreasonablethatpricesaregoingupallthetime

D.slightlymodifiednewproductsareworthbuying

8.Accordingtothispassage,airfaresmayrisebecause-'

Apeopletendtotravelbynewairplanes

B.theairplanehasbeenimproved

C.thechangeisfoundtobereasonable

D.theserviceontheairplaneisbetterthanbefore

9.Accordingtotheauthor,passengerswouldbehappierifthey-'

A.couldflyinthelatestmodelofreputableplanes

B.couldgetticketsatmuchlowerprices

C.seetheairlinesmakevitalchangesintheirservices

D.couldspendlesstimeflyingintheair

10.Whenmanufacturershaveimprovedtheperformanceoftheirproductstoacertainlevel,then

itwouldbe_..

A.justifiedforthemtocuttheprice

B.unnecessaryforthemtomakeanynewchanges

C.difficultandcostlytofurtherbetterthem

D.insignificantforthemtocutdowntheresearchcosts

11.Inthecaseofcars,theauthorurgesthatwe-.

A.cancelthespeedlimitB.furtherimprovetheperformance

C.improvethedurabilityD.changemodelseverytwoyears

12.Theauthor'scriticismisprobablybasedonthefactthat-.

A.wehavebeenpersuadedtoliveanextravagantlifetoday

B.manyproductswebuyturnouttobesubstandardorinferior

C.inflationisbecomingabigproblemintheworldtoday

D.peoplearewastingtheirmoneyontrivialtechnologicalprogress

PassageThree

Recentstudiesonthemale-femalewagegappredictthateventhoughentrysalariesformalesandfemalesinthesameoccupationarenearlyequalbecausewomen'smarketskillshaveimprovedvastly,thechancesoftheoverallgapclosingintheforeseeablefutureareminimal.Thisisduetoseveralfactorsthatarelikelytochangeveryslowly,ifatall.Animportantreasonisthatwomenareconcentratedinoccupations---serviceandclerical---thatpaylessthantraditionalmalejobs.Itispossiblethatmorewomenthanmenintheirtwentiesarehesitanttocommitthemselvestoayear-round,lifetimecareerorjobformanyreasonsThereislingeringattitudeonboththepartofwomenandtheiremployersthatwomenarenotcutoutforcertainjobs.Notonlydoesthisattitudechannelwome