A级语法点.docx
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A级语法点.docx
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A级语法点
A级常考的语法——虚拟语气
虚拟语气是英语动词的特殊形式,与陈述语气恰恰相反,虚拟语气所表达的动作或状态不是事实,而是说话人的主观愿望、想象、要求、推测、假设或建议等。
语气的虚拟和陈述与否完全取决于说话人本身。
虚拟语气可以用于非真实条件句中,也用于名词性从句和同位语从句等句式中。
1.1非真实条件句中的虚拟语气
1)非真实条件句
英语的条件句分为真实条件和非真实条件两种。
真实条件属于陈述句式,而非真实条件属于虚拟句式。
真实与虚拟与否完全取决于说话人的意图。
E.g.Ifitisfinetomorrow,we'llgoout.
Ifitwerefinetomorrow,wewouldgoout.
一般来说,非真实条件可分为三种情况:
于过去、现在和将来事实相反的三种情况。
其位于动词的表现形式如下:
从句
主句
与现在事实相反的假设
If+主语+动词过去式(be动词用were)
主语+would/should/could/might+动词原形
与过去事实相反的假设
If+主语+had+过去分词
主语+would/should/could/might+have+过去分词
与将来事实相反的假设(将来不太可能出现的情况)
1.If+主语+动词过去式
2.If+主语+wereto+动词原形
3.If+主语+should+动词原形
主语+would/should/could/might+动词原形
E.g.IfIwereyou,Iwouldtakethejob.(与现在事实相反)
Ifyouleftyourcaroutsideatnight,youwouldhaveitstolen.(将来不太可能出现的情况)
Ifhehadbeenill,hewouldnothavefinishedthework.(与过去事实相反)
Ifheshould/weretotelluseverything,wecouldtrytosolvehisproblem.(将来不太可能出现的情况)
2)非真实条件句的特殊情况
a.If的省略
当虚拟条件从句中含有助动词had,were,should时,可将它们提到句首而省略连词if,这时从句发生部分倒装。
E.g.WereIyou,Iwouldtakethejob.
Hadhebeenill,hewouldnothavefinishedthework.
Shouldhetelluseverything/Werehetotelluseverything,wecouldtrytosolvehisproblem.
E.g.IfIwereatschoolagain,Iwouldstudyharder.
________________________________________________
Ifyouhadcomeearlier,youwouldhavecaughtthebus.
________________________________________________
b.含蓄虚拟条件句:
通过介词短语、副词、连词等代替条件从句的假设称为含蓄条件。
E.g.Withoutyourhelp,wecouldn'thavefinishedtheworkaheadoftime.
=Butforyourhelp,wecouldn'thavefinishedtheworkaheadoftime.
=Ifithadnotbeenforyourhelp,wecouldn'thavefinishedtheworkaheadoftime.
=Haditnotbeenforyourhelp,wecouldn'thavefinishedtheworkaheadoftime.
E.g.Butforhiscalmcourage,thebattlewouldhavelost.(与过去事实相反)
WithfreetimeandnoTV,theymightrediscoverreading.(与现在事实相反或指将来不太可能出现的情况)
Iranallthewaytoschool,otherwiseIwouldhavebeenlate.(与过去事实相反)
Hemusthavehadanaccident,orhewouldhavefinishedthetaskthen.(与过去事实相反)
E.g.Whatwouldyoudowithamilliondollars?
(=ifyouhadamilliondollars)
1.2虚拟语气在带有强烈主观色彩的动词、名词或形容词后所跟随的从句中的应用
1)某些动词后的宾语从句中要求用虚拟语气结构,用于表示命令,要求,建议,劝告等。
其形式为:
(should)+动词原形
E.g.Isuggestthathe(should)gowithus.(表建议)
Thegeneraldirectedthatthetroops(should)attack.(表命令)
Theydemandedthatthecompany(should)makecompensationfortheloss.(要求)
同样用法的动词有:
order(命令)command(命令)ask(要求)require(要求)request(要求)demand(要求)suggest(建议)propose(提议)advise(劝告)urge(主张)intend(打算)insist(坚持)decide(决定)determine(决定)prefer(宁愿)recommend(推荐)desire(渴望)
当suggest表示“暗示,表明”之意,insist表示“坚持说,力言”之意时,suggest/insist后的宾语从句不使用虚拟语气,应使用陈述语气。
E.g.Thesmileonhisfacesuggestedthathewassatisfiedwithourwork.他脸上的表情表明他对我们的工作很满意。
Themaninsistedthathehadneverstolenthemoney.A那个人坚持说他没有偷钱。
2)某些形容词(或分词)后的主语从句要用虚拟语气结构,用于表示命令,要求,建议,惊异和失望等,(should)+动词原形
E.g.Itwassuggestedthathe(should)jointheclubactivities.(表建议)
Itissuggestedthatthemeeting(should)beputofftillnextweek.人们建议会议推迟到下周。
Itisstrange(surprising,disappointing)thatsheshouldn'thavebeeninvited.(表惊异)
Itisstrangethathe(should)haveactedtowardhisparentslikethat.真奇怪他竟然那样对他父母。
(从句谓语动词在主句谓语动词之前发生时,要用"shouldhavedone")
suggested建议的recommended被推荐的proposed被提议的,所推荐的necessary必要的essential必要的important重要的vital重要的appropriate适当的advisable适当的,合理的desirable理想的better更好的natural自然的strange奇怪的glad高兴的surprising惊异的disappointing失望的pity可怜的
3)某些名词的表语从句和同位语从句要用虚拟语气,表示要求,建议,主张,目的和愿望等,(should)+动词原形
Order(命令)demand(要求)requirement(要求)request(要求)suggestion(建议)proposal(建议)advice(建议)recommendation(推荐)decision(决议)idea(主意,想法)desire(愿望)plan(计划)
E.g.Myideaisthatwe(should)thinkitoverbeforeacceptingit.我的意见是在接受之前我们要反复考虑。
Weallagreedtohissuggestionthatwe(should)gotoDalianforsightseeing.我们都同意他让我们去大连旅游的建议。
Mysuggestionisthathe(should)gowithus.(表要求,表语从句)
Mysuggestionthathe(should)gowithusisquitereasonable.(表要求,同位语从句)
(3)wish后面所跟宾语从句虚拟
Wish后面的宾语从句一般用虚拟语气,表示一种不可能实现的愿望。
宾语从句动作与wish同时
宾语从句的谓语动词用过去时
宾语从句动作先于wish
宾语从句的谓语动词用过去完成时
宾语从句动作后于wish
宾语从句的谓语动词用could/would/might+动词原形
E.g.Iwish(that)Iwereabirdandcouldflyfreelyinthesky.
Iwish(that)Ihadmetthatfilmstaryesterday.
IwishIknewtheanswertothequestion.(对现在情况的虚拟)
Theywishtheyhadnotlostthechance.(对过去情况的虚拟)
IwishIwouldbeamillionaire.(对将来情况的虚拟)
IwishIcouldhaveseenherlastnight.(对过去情况的虚拟)
Ifonly“要是~~多好”“但愿”(同wish类似)Ifonly+句子=HowIwish+that从句
E.g.IfonlyIwereaflyingbird!
=HowIwishIwereaflyingbird!
IfonlyIknewJapanese.(对现在情况的虚拟)
Ifonlyyouhadboughtthatpiano!
(对过去情况的虚拟)
Ifonlythewindwouldstop!
(对将来情况的虚拟)
wouldrather~~(同wish类似)
E.g.I'dratheryouhadn'tdonethat.(对过去情况的虚拟)
Hewouldratheritwerewinternow.(对现在情况的虚拟)
Asif/asthough引导的方式状语从句(同wish类似)
1)如果asif引导的从句谓语动词与主句谓语动词所表达的动作同时发生,asif引导的从句谓语动词用过去式;
E.g.Helooksasifhewereanartist.(同时)
2)如果asif引导的从句谓语动词所表达的动作先于主句谓语动词表达的动作,asif引导的从句谓语动词用过去完成时;
E.g.ShespeaksEnglishsofluentlyasifshehadstudiedEnglishinAmerica.(先于)
3)如果asif引导的从句谓语动词所表达的动作后于主句谓语动词所表达的动作,asif引导的从句谓语动词用过去将来时。
E.g.HelearnsEnglishsohardasifhewouldgototheU.S.A.(后于)
Itis(high)timethat~~~从句中用虚拟语气,谓语动词用过去式形式/should+动词原形。
意为“(现在)该~~~~”,用来表示提议。
E.g.Itis(high)timethatyouwenttoschool.你该去上学了。
Itis(high)timethatweshouldstartout.我们该出发了。
lest(唯恐,以免)/forfearthat(以免,生怕,唯恐)/incase(万一)引导的目的状语从句,(should)+动词原形
E.g.Heisworkingforfearthathe(should)fallbehind.
IwroteeverythingdownlestI(should)forgetit.
Takeyourumbrellaalong,incaseit(should)rain.
Incase后面也可以用陈述语气。
E.g.SomebodyshouldstayathomeincaseJohnphones.
练习题+真题
1.______lastFriday,hewouldhavegottoParis.
A)WouldheleaveB)HadheleftC)IfheistoleaveD)Ifhewasleaving
2.Therepresentativeofthecompanydemandedthatpartoftheagreement_____revised.
A)willbeB)isC)tobeD)be
3.Wecouldnothavefulfilledthetaskintimeifit_____fortheirhelp.
A)wasnotB)isnotC)hadnotbeenD)hasnotbeen
4.Itisrequiredthatanyoneapplyingforadriver'slicense_____asetoftests.
A)takeB)takesC)tookD)willtake
5._________hewasseriouslyill,Iwouldn'thavetoldhimthetruth.
A)IfIknewB)IfIknowC)HadIknownD)DidIknow
6.Itismostdesirablethatthe_____fortheinformationbyhimselfon-line.
A)searchB)searchedC)hassearchedD)willsearch
7.IfI_____thejob,Iwoulddoitinadifferentway.
A)woulddoB)doC)shalldoD)weretodo
8.LookattheterribletroubleIaminnow!
IfonlyI____youradvice!
A)followB)hadfollowedC)wouldfollowD)havefollowed
9.Itisurgentthatthepolice_____notifiedaboutthosestrangephonecalls.
A)shouldbeB)willbeC)areD)hastobe
10.IwishI____betternexttime.
A)didB)doC)woulddoD)shoulddo
填空
11.Itishightimethatthemanager(pay)______moreattentiontotheservicesforthecustomers.
12.Theboypassedthefinalexams.Butifhehadspentmoretimeonthem,theresults(be)_______________________muchbetter.
13.Hemighthavebeenkilledinthatcaraccidentyesterdayifhe(take)_______________partinthatactivitywiththeteam.
14.Hemightnothavebeenkilledinthetrafficaccidentyesterdayifhe(fasten)________________theseatbelt.
15.Itisimportantthathe(be)____________calledbackimmediately.
16.Franklyspeaking,I'dratheryou(say)_______nothingaboutitforthetimebeing.
17.Itisrequiredthateveryemployee(come)______________intheiruniformbefore8:
30a.m.
18.Thedirectorrequiredthateverymemberinhisdepartment(refer)_________________tothisreport.
19.Ifwe(know)_______________thatthebookswereavailable,wewouldhaveboughtthemyesterday.
20.Isuggestedthathe(refuse)______________theofferproposedbythatcompany.
模拟
1.Ifyouhadtakenyourmedicine,Bobturnedoffthealarm.
A.shouldbeB.wouldhavebeenC.wouldbeDwillbe
2.Itwassuggestedthattheconstruction______aheadoftime.
A.iscompletedB.wascompletedC.becompletedDmustcomplete
3.Jerryhesitatedforamomentbeforeshootingtheball,otherwisehe______threepoints.
A.HadscoredB.scoredC.wouldscoreD.wouldhavescored
4._____,wewillsetoffasweplanned.
A.WereitgoodorbadB.BeitgoodorbadC.BeinggoodorbadD.Whethergoodorbad
5.Thelawrequiresthateveryone______hiscarcheckedatleastonceayear.
A.hasB.hadC.haveD.musthave
6.IwishI_______longerthismorning,butIhadtogetupandcometoclass.
A.couldB.sleptC.mighthavesleptD.haveslept
7.I'llgiveyoumytelephonenumberincaseyou______wanttogetintouchwithme.
A.willB.shouldC.wouldD.Need.
1.倒装
(1)全部倒装
1)当句首为方位或时间副词,谓语动词为be,go,come,exist,stand,lie,fall等。
(当主语为人称代词时不倒装)
2)当句首为表示地点的介词短语时
3)代词so,neither/nor置于句首时
(2)部分倒装(助动词、系动词、情态动词提前)
1)含有否定意义的副词,词组,关联词位于句首时,句子应部分倒装。
关联词:
notuntil“直到~~才~~”(主句倒装)
Notonly(倒装)~~,but(also)(不倒装)(强调主语则不倒装)
Neither~~,nor~~“既不~~,也不~~”(neither,nor都是否定,前后全倒装)
Hardly/Scarcely~~when~~;Nosooner~~than~~“一~~就~~”(主句倒装,从句不倒装)
E.g.Hardlyhadheseenmewhenheranaway.他一见到我就跑了。
2)only引导的状语(only+副词/介词词组/状语从句)放句首,部分倒装“只有”。
only后接非状语时不可倒装。
3)so(such)~~that结构,so,such位于句首时倒装,so,such所修饰的形容词、副词和名词,以及助动词和系动词一起提到主语前,形成部分倒装。
4)虚拟语气中条件句省略if的倒装(当if省略时,助动词)
5)as,though引导的让步状语从句中的倒装(as必须倒装,though可倒装可不倒装)
2.从句
(1)定语从句(第一类关系代词:
that,who,which,whose,whom;第二类是关系副词:
when,where,why。
其中that既代替人又指物,which代替物,who代替人。
whose=ofwhom/ofwhichwhen=at/in/duringwhich,where=in/atwhich,why=forwhich)
限定性和非限定性
(2)状语从句(时间,地点,原因(inthat,nowthat,consideringthat),结果(
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