宜昌风土人情英文版.docx
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宜昌风土人情英文版.docx
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宜昌风土人情英文版
Etiquette
1.SocialEtiquette
1)TheEtiquetteofMeetingEachOthers
Inancienttimes,etiquetteofmeetingothersisverycockamamie.Generally,peoplegreetothersbymakingabowwithhandsfoldedinfront,noddinghead,kowtowing,makingabow,andsoon.Makingabowwithhandsfoldedinfrontiscalled“Zuoyi”inChinese.Womenmeeteldersornobleguestsby“Daowanfu”,thatis,putthehandswithfingerscrossedtogetherattherightsideofthewaistandbendthelegsandthewholebodyalittlewhilesaying,“Wishyouallthebest!
”Butgenerally,theymeetothersonlybynoddingormakingbows.PeoplekowtowtogreeteldersinSpringFestival,offerbirthdayfelicitations,receivingteachers’indoctrination,makingtheadieu.Onsuchoccasions,peopleshouldkowtowtoshowrespect.
2)TheEtiquetteofPayingaVisit
PeopleintheThreeGorgesAreaarefondofpayingvisits.Payingvisitsondifferentdaysarecalleddifferently.Forexample,payingavisitinSpringFestivaliscalled“PayingaNewYearCall”,attendingtheweddingfeastiscalled“DrinkingWineofHappiness”,goingtocelebrateababy’scomingafter3daysofhisbirthiscalled“SendingRiceforCelebration”,“DrinkWineofSanzhao”(3daysafterababy’sbirthiscalledSanzhao)or“SendingYuemiWine”.
Whilepayingavisit,peoplebringgiftsalong.Giftsaredifferentondifferentoccasions.Forexample,whilepayingaNewYearcall,peoplepresentgiftssuchascigarettes,bottlesofwine,cakes,andsoon;whileattendingaweddingfeast,peoplewillpresentbeddingsormoneywrappedinredpaperasgifts.Whilepayingavisittocelebrateababy’sbirth,peoplewillpresenteggs,brownsugar,hens,ducks,riceoffinequality,andclothesforthebaby,andtoday,somepeoplepresentmoneywrappedinredpaperasgiftstocelebratethebaby’sbirth.Whenababycomes,cookedeggswithredeggshellarehandedout.Thegrandmotheronthebaby’smother’ssidepresentseggs,brownsugar,hens,ducks,riceoffinequality,andclothesforthebaby,aswellasglutinousrice,pig’shoof,andifthegrandmotheriswithgoodfinancialsituations,shealsopresentsChinesecradle,Chinesebabychair.Whenpeopleholdbirthdayparties,otherspresentspungoldnoodles(akindofnoodlesofhighquality),birthdayplaque,wine,andsoon.Nowadays,peoplealsopresentmoneywrappedinredpaperasgifts.Whenholdinglarge-scalefeasts,hosthiresapersontomakearecordofthegiftspresentedbyguests.Atthesametime,thehostalsohiresapersontoentertaintheguestsandinchargeofallkindsofthingsatthefeast,whichiscalled“Zhike”inChinese.Usually,Zhikeisveryfamiliarwithholdingfeastsandgoodatintercommunicating.
2.TheEtiquetteofInvitingaTeacher
1)TheEtiquetteofAttendingSchools
Inancienttimes,whenachildwasoldenough,heorsheshouldattendschools,whichwascalledenlighteningeducation.Pupilscalledtheteachermister.Whenthechildbeganhisorherschooling,theparentsmustpreparejosssticksandcandlesandagiftenvelop(alittlemoneywrappedinredpaperasagift).Parentswouldlightthejosssticksandcandlesforthechild,kowtowtothetabernacleofConfucious,andthentotheteacher.Theteacherwouldacceptthegiftpresentedandencouragedthechildtostudyhardinthefuture,andthentheparentswouldleave.
Afterchildrenbeganschooling,heorshewouldbringjosssticksandcandlestoschoolsonthefirstandthefifteenthdayeverymonthandlightthejosssticksandcandles,kowtowtoshowrespecttoConfuciousandthentotheteacher.Afterthese,thepupilscouldgobacktotheseatsandbeganclasses.Thisiscalled“CeremonyonSyzygy”.OnConfucious’birthday(27th,Augustoflunaryear)everyyear,sincethenightof26th,schoolchildrencollectedmoneytobuyjosssticksandcandles,andon27th,theyshouldholdamemorialceremonyforConfuciousinthemorningandatnight.Besides,studentsrespectedtheteachersverymuch.InSpringFestival,theywouldpayaNewYearcalltotheirteachers,duringotherfestivals,theywouldpresentgifts,andontheteacher’sbirthday,theywouldpresentlargesse.Whentherewereweddingfeastsorfunerals,theteachersmustbeinvited.OntheDragonBoatFestival,teachersshouldpresentgiftstothepupils,suchasbooks,paperfans,andsoontoencouragethemtostudyhard.
2)TheEtiquetteofLearningSkills
TherearemanykindsoftraditionalprofessionsintheThreeGorgesArea.Inancienttimes,whenonewantedtofindamastertolearnsomeskills,heshouldfindapersontorecommendhimtothemasterfirstly,atthesametime,heshouldpresentsomegiftstothemaster.Ifthemasterintendedtoadmithimashisprentice,hewouldasktheprenticetotellhimhisbirthdayandtheninvitedafortune-tellertomakeitclearwhethertheprentice’sfortunewentwithhisown.Ifnot,themasterwouldrefusetoadmittheprentice;ifso,themasterwouldchoosealuckydaytoadmittheprentice.Themasterandtheprenticemustsignanagreementtoprescribeincumbenciesofthemaster,theprenticeandthepersonwhorecommendtheprentice.
Proprietyaboutlearningskillsfrommastersincluded4items.Firstly,themastershouldimpartedhisskillstotheprenticein3years,andinthefourthyear,theprenticeshouldhelpthemastertoworkwithoutpayandlaterhecouldgotoworkforhimself.Besides,theprenticeshouldfeastthemasterwhenthemasteradmittedhimasprentice.Secondly,beingaprentice,heshouldgoouttoworkwiththemasterwithoutpay,andhewasofferedonlymeals.Wherevertheygo,theprenticeshouldcarrythebaggageandtoolbaskets.Iftheprenticehavemealsatthemaster’s,heshouldgiveasumofmoneytopayforthefood,oilandsalt.Inthedaytime,theprenticewouldlearnskillsfromthemasterandatnightheshouldhelptodothehousework.Thirdly,duringfestivalsoronthebirthdayofthemasterandhiswife,theprenticeshouldpresentgifts.Thefourth,whentheprenticefinishedhisapprenticeship,theprenticeshouldholdceremoniousfeasttoshowhisthankstohismasterandthefounderoftheskillshelearnt,someprenticesshouldgiveasumofmoneytothemasterforhisteaching.Whentheprenticefinishedtheapprenticeship,themastershouldalsofeastpeoplewhodidthesamejobandbesidesthefeast,themastershouldprepareasetofworkingimplementsfortheprenticeasagift.Atthesametime,themastershouldexhorttheprenticetheguildregulationscarefully.Afterthefeast,themastershouldseetheprenticeoffforashortdistance.Thefartherthemastersawtheprenticeoff,themoreintimatetherelationshipbetweenthemasterandtheprenticewasandthiswasalsoregardedasaomenwhethertheprenticecoulddowellinhisjobinfuture.
3.TheEtiquetteofMarriage
1)TheEtiquettebeforeMarriage
Inancienttimes,peoplehadthreekindsofconvenancesbeforemarriage,whichis,proposingamarriage,exchangingthecardsofbirthdays,andengagement.Proposingamarriagemeansthatiftheparentsofayoungmanthoughtthatayounggirlwassuitabletobetheirdaughter-in-law,theywouldaskamatchmakertohelpthem;oramatchmakerthoughtthatayoungmanandayounggirlwereagoodmatch,shewouldgotothetwofamiliesandtalkaboutthemarriagewiththeirparentstomakeamatch;sometimes,ifagirl’sparentswantedayoungmantobetheirson-in-law,theywouldalsoaskamatchmakertohelpthemtomakethematch.Afterthisprocedure,ifthetwofamiliesbothagreedthemarriage,theyoungman’sparentswouldaskthegirl’sparentstotellthemthegirl’sbirthdayandthentheywouldinviteafortune-tellertomakeitclearwhetherthemanandthegirlwouldbecomeahappycouple,andatthesametime,thematchmakerwouldhelptheman’sparentstopresentalittlegifttothegirl’sfamily.Thegirl’sfamilywouldpresentagiftinreturn,whichiscalled“Huangeng”.ThereweredeignsofdragonsandphoenixandfourChinesecharacters“LuanFengHeXie”,whichmeanslivingtooldageinconjugalbliss.Afterthisprocedure,themanandthegirlwouldengage,andtheman’sfamilywouldpresentbetrothalgifttothegirl’sfamily.Thebetrothalgiftshouldimplygoodwishes,andthenumberofthegiftsshouldn’tbeoddnumber.Thegirl’sfamilywouldalsopresentsomegiftsinreturn.Theman’sfamilyshouldalsofeasttherelativesandfriends,andthegirl’sparentsmustbeinvited.Inthisway,themarriagerelationshipwasconfirmed.
2)WelcomingtheBrideandKujia(WeepingBeforeWedding)
Onthedayofweddingceremony,thebridewouldgetupearlyandputonbottomdrawer,waitingforawoman,whowasofgoodvirtuetohelphercleanherfaceanddoupthehair.Thewomanwoulduseapieceofcottonthreadtogetridofthefinehairsatthesideburnsandthefinehairsonthefaceofthebride,besides,shewouldhelpthebridetomanicuretheeyebrowsofthebride,whichwascalled“Kailian”inChinese.Then,thewomanwouldhelpthebridetodressandmakeup,whichwascalled“Shangtou”inChinese,thatis,coilthebride’shairintobunshape,whichshowedthatthebridehadgrownup.Onthatday,theyoungman’sfamilywoulddecoratewithlanternsandstreamers,andearlyinthemorning,ateamofpeoplewouldsetoutforthebride’shometowelcomethebride,includingthebridegroom(insomeareas,thebridegroomwouldnotfollowthegroupofpeopletowelcomethebride,instead,hewouldgotomakeacourtesycalltohisparents-inlaw),thegroomsman,thematchmaker,thebugler,thesedanman,andsoon.Thenumberofpeopletowelcomethebridewouldbe20to30atleast,andsometimesitwasmorethanonehundred.Theywouldbepipinganddr
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