0231 RegionsThe South P5156.docx
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0231 RegionsThe South P5156.docx
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0231RegionsTheSouthP5156
02.3Regions
注:
regions:
自然区划->zone有某种特性的区域(->ozone臭氧)->area划定的区->district行政区
WhiletheUnitedStatesofAmericaisa(country<->)nation,itsnameindicates(=implies暗示)thesimplefactthatitisa(unite:
vt.团结->)unionofdifferentstates.Eachstatehasaparticularpersonality(=features特征,个性)basedupon(=on)itspeculiar(独特的)historyofsettlement(定居)andimmigration(移民)aswellas(=and)accordingtoitsgeography(地理环境).Americansoftendescribetheircountrybyregions.Thereisageneral,butnotcomplete,agreement(默契)over(=about)whichstatesbelongtowhichregionsand,ofcourse,regionscontainsub-regions(次区域)whicharealsocontested(竞争).Wehavedividedthecountryintofivebasicareaswhichgenerallyconformto(与…一致)acontemporaryunderstanding.
2.3.1TheSouth
AstheareaclosesttoColumbus'sdiscovery,theSouth(Map2.3andTable2.2)hascitiesdatingfrom(追溯)thestruggles(战争)ofSpain,England,France,andAmericanIndiantribesfor(dominate:
vt.->)dominance(n.主导)intheNewWorld.
Theoldestpermanent(永久的)Europeansettlements(定居点)intheUnitedStatesaretheSpanishcitiesofSanJuan(圣胡安),PuertoRico(1508),andSaint(圣人)Augustine,Florida(弗罗里达州的圣胡安)(1565),theEnglishsettlementatJamestown,Virginia(弗吉尼亚州的詹姆斯顿)(1607),andtheFrenchcityofNewOrleans,Louisiana(路易斯安那州的新奥尔良)(1718).Indiansweremostlyremoved(=driven)westof(在...以西)theMississippiRiverbythe1840s,buttheCherokeeIndianReservationintheAppalachianMountainsinTennesseeremains(=is)thelargestIndianland-baseeastof(在…以东)Oklahoma.The“fatherofhiscountry”GeorgeWashington,theauthorofTheDeclarationofIndependence,ThomasJefferson,theprincipal[
(1)=main,major主要的;
(2)n.中学校长->principle:
n.原理,原则)writeroftheConstitutionJamesMadison,andthenationalist(爱国者)whoclaimedtheentire(=whole)westernhemisphereforAmericanhegemony(霸权)JamesMonroe--fourofthefirstfivepresidents--wereVirginians.IncontemporaryAmerica,twoofthefivemostrecentchiefexecutives(首席执行官,指总统),JimmyCarterandBillClinton,areSoutherners.
MuchoftheSouth'sregionalidentity(特征)comesfromitswayoflifebased
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upon(=on)thelegacies(遗产)ofslaveryand[race:
(1)n.(car~)赛车(horse~)赛马;
(2)n.种族racism(种族歧视),itsfailedattempt(=try)toseparatefromtheUnitedStates,anditswarmclimate(气候<->weather天气).SpanishremainstheofficiallanguageinPuertoRicoandtheSoutherndrawl--aspeechpatternwhichmixesAfricanandScottishinfluences--iswidespread.Thiscreatesarealaswellaspsychological(心里上的)division(区别)thatdefinestheSouth.
Sincecolonialtimes(时代)theSouthhasdelivered(=produced)staplecrops(主要作物)--tobacco,cotton,rice,sugar--toaworldmarket.TheearliestsettlersweremostlyEnglishandScottishProtestants(清教徒,新教徒)(andSpanishCatholicsinPuertoRicoandFrenchCatholicsinLouisiana)whoimportedAfricansandsetupa(hierarchy:
n.->)hierarchical(adj.等级森严的)societywithslaveholding(拥有)aristocrats(贵族)atthetopandblackslavesatthebottom.WhiteSouthernersdevelopedapro-slavery(支持)argument(理由)basedupongenetics(遗传学),history,religion,andanti-capitalism(反对资本主义).Theyusedscientifictheoriestoargue(辩解)thatwhitesweresuperior(优越的<->inferior低劣的),thattheclassicaldemocraticcityofAthens(雅典)andtherepublican(共和制的)cityofRomeincorporated(吸收,包含)slavery,thattheBiblesanctioned(=approved认可,批准)slavery,andthatthesystem(=slavery)wasapositivegood(n.)when(itis)contrastedtotheoutrages(风怒)ofNorthernmanufacturing(生产)capitalismwithitsdegradation(降低)ofwhiteworkers.The[federalstate联邦政府<->]Confederate(邦联政府)StatesofAmerica(1861–65)consistedof(由...构成)allthestatesinthisregion,plusTexas,exceptingonlyKentuckyandWestVirginia,whichseceded(退出)fromVirginiain1863toformanewstate.Preciselybecause
****************************************Table2.2theSouth
State,District,Territoryorcommonwealth
DateJoinedUS
Area(Sq.Miles*
Population(2002)
Georgia
1788
58,977
8,560,310
SouthCarolina
1788
31,189
4,107.183
Virginia
1788
42,326
7,293,542
NorthCarolina
1789
52,672
8,320,146
WashingtonD.C.
1791
68
570,898
Kentucky
1792
40,411
4,092,891
Tennessee
1796
42,219
5,797,289
Louisiana
1812
49,651
4,482,646
Alabama
1817
52,237
4,486,508
Mississippi
1817
48,286
2,871,782
Arkansas
1836
53,182
2,710,079
Florida
1845
59,928
16,713,149
WestVirginia
1861
24,231
1,801,873
PuertoRico**
1898/1917
3,508
3,857,000
USVirginiaIsland
1917/1927
171
122,211
*1squaremileequalsapproximately2.6squarekilometers.
**The2000USCensusalsocounted3,406,178PuertoRicanslivingintheUSanddistributed(分散)thenumbersamongthestatesinwhichtheylived.PuertoRicoisacommonwealth(联邦,自治领)whosepeoplearecitizensoftheUnitedStates.PuertoRicansareneitherallowedtovoteinUSpresidentialelectionsnoraretheyrequiredtopayincometaxes,unlesstheyliveinsideUSnationalboundaries.Populationshowninchartisfrom2000.
***TheUSVirginIslandsareunincorporated(=independent独立的)territories(领土)whichwerepurchasedfromDenmarkin1917.CitizensoftheVirginIslandsbecamenon-votingcitizensoftheUnitedStatesin1927.
PopulationshownisfromJuly2001.Source:
USCensusBureau(2004b).
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theSouthlost(=weredefeated被打败)andtheslaveswerefreed(released/setfree释放),Southernidentity(=feature特征)isstillmarkedbythe“LostCause(事业,败军之将)”andbytheintimateinteraction(交往胜密)andfamilyties(=connection联系,纽带)ofblacksandwhites.
JimmyCarter's1970electionasgovernor(州长,总督)ofGeorgiaandhissubsequent(后来的)1976electiontothepresidencymarkedtheSouth'srise(崛起)toregionalpower.UntilthentheregionoperatedmostlyasaninternalcolonyoftheNorth,supplying(提供)cheaplabor(劳动力)andrawmaterialsto(food食品<->feed:
vt.喂养;fuel/drive)feedthenation'sgrowth(=development).Forthelast(=past)halfcentury,the“NewSouth”hasbeenpartofthe“Sunbelt(阳光地带)”--abroadcross-regionalareafromVirginiatoCalifornia--whichcontinuestoenjoyhighimmigration,massive(大量的)jobgrowth,andsunny,hotweather.Illustrating(说明)itspolitical(strong:
adj.<->)strength(=power实力),Sunbeltcandidateshavewoneverypresidentialelectionsince1964.
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EpcotCenter(迪士尼的高科技馆,叫“末来世界”,可以参观太空地球馆,动力世界,大地之旅,海底奇观,生命探索,能源馆,大地馆,色香味全立体感触电影)
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UniversalCityStudiostheme-park(都市电影主题公园)
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TheSouthhasfewerlargecitiesthantheotherregions.AndwhileWashington,D.C.(哥伦比亚特区)isadecidedlySoutherncity,thekey(=mostimportant)cityinthemodernSouthisAtlanta,Georgia.Immigrants(移民)--particularly(=especially)thosefromVietnamandMexico--havechangedthedynamics(结构)oftheSouthernpopulationas(=when)hasthereturn(回归)migrationofAfricanAmericansfromNortherncitiessincethe1970s.Foreignindustries(工业,行业)invest(vt.->investment:
n.投资)heavilyinbuildingfactoriesinSoutherncitiesinexchangefortaxrelief(<->relieve减税),pollutionwaivers(放弃),andnon-unionized(没参加工会的)workers.TheNationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration(NASA)andtheDefenseDepartmentaresignificant(=important重要的)contributors(纳税人)totheSoutherneconomy,withthemainspacelaunchpad(发射台)atCapeCanaveral,Florida,thenuclearresearchlabatOakPark,Tennessee,theprincipalArmybasesinNorthCarolina
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andGeorgia,andtheMarineCorps(海军陆战队)trainingfacility(设施)atParrisIsland,SouthCarolina.Ofcourse,sunshinepromotes(=encourage促进)theSouth'shuge(=great)tourismbusiness,withmorethanathousandmilesofbeachesandresorts(度假圣地),pristine(=untouched原生态的)islandsprotectedagainstdevelopment(开发),andmanylargeamusementparks(游乐场),includingFlorida'sDisneyworld,EpcotCenter,BuschGardens,andUniversalCityStudiosthemepark(环球电影/都市主题公园).Prominent(=Well-known)universitiessuchasEmory,GeorgiaTech,Duke,Vanderbilt(范德比尔特),Virginia,Georgetown,andNorthCarolinahelptheSouthpast(=getridof摆脱)itslong-timeimage(=impression印象)ofslow-talking(口吃)andslow-thinking(思维迟钝),evenwhiletheregionremainsthemostreligious(宗教色彩很浓的),leasteducated,andlowestpaidareainthecountry.
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