螺杆钻具使用手册讲解.docx
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螺杆钻具使用手册讲解.docx
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螺杆钻具使用手册讲解
1、Introduction
ShanghaiOceanOilfieldServiceCosuppliedDownholeMotortoDrillingDepartmentofBohaiOffshoreOilCompanyLTD.(Tianjin),onbaseofmasteringforeignanddomesticadvancedtechnologyandlinkingChinanationalsituation,hasdevelopedandmanufacturedsometypesofscrewdrillsincooperationwithoilfieldsandscientificresearchinstitutes.Withthem,wemayprovidesatisfactoryservicestotheoilfields.
Thismanualmainlyintroducesscrewdrillproperty,applicationandcautions,soasforthecustomerstoknowwellourscrewdrills,andtodobetterselection,application,repairandmaintenanceofscrewdrillaccordingtodrillingdemand.Asaresult,ourscrewdrillmaybringintoplayinitsreliabletechnicalfunction,toenhancedrillingeconomicefficiency.
2、Principle
Screwdrillisakindofdownholedynamicdrillingtooluponthepowerofdrillingmud.Mudstreamfromtheoutletofmudpumpflowsthroughaby-passvalveintothemotor.Thisstreamproducespressurelossatbothinletandoutletofthepump,topushtherotorintorotating,andtotransmitthetorqueandspeedontothebit.Thescrewdrillpropertymainlydependsuponitspropertyparameters
3、Constitution
Screwdrilliscomposedoffourassembliesofby-passvalve,motor,cardanshaftanddriveshaft(Fig.1).
3.螺杆钻具的组成
螺杆钻具由旁通阀、马达、万向轴和传动轴四大总成组成(如图1)
3.1By-passValveAssembly
Ithastwopositionsofby-passandclose(Fig.2).Itisinby-passpositionduringtripoperation,circulatesmudfluidinthedrillstringintotheannularspaceby-passingtheidlemotor,sothatnomudmaysprayoutontotheplatformduringthetripoperation.Whenmudflowrateandpressurereachthesettingvalue,thevalvestemmovesdownandclosesthevalve.Meanwhile,mudstreamflowsthroughthemotor,andconvertsthepressureenergyintomechanicalenergy.Asmudflowrateistoolow,ormudpumpstops,andasthecreatedpressureisnotenoughtoovercomespringforceandstaticfrictionforce,thespringpressesthestemupward,andby-passisinopenposition.
3.2MotorAssembly
Itconsistsofstatorandrotor.Statorismadebysqueezingrubbersleeveonthewallofsteeltube.Thereformsspiralstructurewithacertaingeometricparameter.Rotorisacrome-platedscrewrod.
Statorandrotormatcheswitheachother,toformspirallineandsealcavitythroughtheirguideraildifference.Withrotorrunninginthestator,thesealcavityismovingalongitsaxialdirection,continuouslyformsanddisappears,tocompleteitsenergyconversion.Thisisthebasicprincipleofscrewdrill.(motor)
Spiralseallineonrotorisdividedintosingleendandmulti-end(statorwithonemoreendthanrotor).Thelessendsthemotorhas,thehigherspeedandthelowertorqueis.Themoreendsithas,thelowerspeedandthehighertorqueis.Fig.3showsthesectionalprofileofseveraltypicalmotors.
3.1旁通阀总成
它有旁通和关闭两个位置(如图2),在起下钻作业过程中处于旁通位置,使钻柱中泥浆循环绕过不工作马达进入环空,这样起下钻时泥浆不溢于井台上。
当泥浆流量和压力达到标准设定值时,阀芯下移,关闭旁通阀孔,此时泥浆流经马达,把压力能转变成机械能。
当泥浆流量值过小或停泵时,所产生的压力不足以克服弹簧力和静摩擦力时,弹簧把阀芯顶起,旁通阀孔又处于开启位置。
3.2马达总成
它由定子和转子组成。
定子是在钢管内壁上压注橡胶衬套而成。
橡胶内孔是具有一定几何参数的螺旋。
转子是一根有镀铬硬层的螺杆。
转子与定子相互啮合,是用两者的导程差而形成的螺旋密封线,同时形成密封腔。
随着转子在定子中的转动,密封腔沿着轴向移动,不断的生成与消失,完成其能量转换,这就是螺杆马达的基本工作原理。
马达转子的螺旋线有单头和多头之分(定子的螺旋线头数比转子多1)。
转子的头数越少,转速越高,扭矩越小;头数越多,转速越低,扭矩越大。
图3是几种典型马达配合的截面轮廊:
马达定子一个导程组成一个密封腔,也称为一级。
每级额定工作压降为0.8Mpa,最大压降为额定工作压力的1.3倍,如四级马达,额定压降应为3.2Mpa,最大压降为4.2Mpa。
压降超过此值马达就会产生泄漏,转速很快下降,严重时会完全停止转动,甚至造成马达损坏,用户应特别注意。
为了确保马达的密封效果,转子与定子之间的配合尺寸与不同井深的温度有关,因此在选择钻具时应尽可能准确地提供给厂家钻具应用场所的井温情况,以便推荐使用松紧配合状态适合的马达。
现场使用的泥浆流量应在推荐的范围之内,否则将影响马达效率,甚至马达磨损加快。
马达的输出扭矩与马达的压降成正比,输出转速与输入泥浆量成正比,随着负载的增加,钻具的转速有所降低,因此在地面只要根据压力表控制压力,根据流量计控制泵的流量,就可以控制井下钻具的扭矩和转速。
3.2.1中空转子马达
为了增加钻头的水马力和泥浆的上返速度,将转子加工成为带喷咀的中空转子。
此马达的总流量应等于流经马达密封腔流量和流经转子喷咀流量的总和,每种规格的马达都有其推荐的最大和最小流量值。
如果流量过大,转子会超速运转,定子和转子会出现提前损坏,如果流量过小,马达将停止转动。
因此在选择转子喷咀尺寸时,应确保马达密封腔流量始终保持或高于最小推荐流量值,这样才能使马达正常运转。
Aguiderailformsasealcavityinmotorstator.Thisiscalledonestage.Whentheratedworkingpressureofeachstagelowsdownto0.8Mpa,themaximumpressurelosswillbe1.3timesoftheratedpressure.Foranexample,for4-stagemotor,theratedpressurelossshallbe3.2Mpa,maximumpressurelossshallbe4.2Mpa.Asthepressurelossisoversuchvalue,motormaybringaboutleakageandspeedwillquicklyslowdown.Moreseriously,itmaycauseoperationintocompletestop,evencausethemotortobedamaged.Thisisthecautionforthecustomers.
Inordertoensurerotorsealingoodcondition,thematchingsizebetweenrotorandstatorrelatescloselytodepthtemperature.Therefore,correctdownholetemperatureshallbeprovidedtothemanufacturerforreliableselectionofappropriatemotor.Theactualmudflowrateisrequiredintherecommendedrange.Otherwiseincorrectflowratemayaffectthemotorefficiency,evencausespeedingupmotorwear.
Motortorqueisproportionaltoitspressureloss,butitsoutletspeedisinverselyproportionaltomudflowrate.Withloadincreasing,screwdrillspeeddecreases.Thus,pressureshallbecontrolledbythepressuregaugeandflowrateshallbecontrolledbytheflowrategaugeonsurface.Thiswaymaycontrolbothtorqueandspeedofdownholescrewdrill.
3.2.1HollowRotorMotor
Toincreasehydraulichorsepowerandupwardspeedofmudstream,rotorismanufacturedintohollowrotorwithnozzles.Thus,motortotalflowrateisequaltothesumoftheflowratethroughsealcavityandrotor.Eachtypeofmotorhasitsownrecommendedmaximumandminimumflowratevalue.Ifflowrateistoohigh,rotormayberunningatoverspeed,earlierdamagewouldoccurontostatorandrotor.Ifitistoolow,motorwillstopoperating.Therefore,theflowratethroughsealcavityshallbeensuredorevenhigherthantherecommendedmaintenancevalue,whileselectingnozzlesize.Onlyinthisway,canmotorbekeptinnormaloperation.
3.3万向轴总成
万向轴的作用是将马达的行星运动转变为传动轴的定轴转动,将马达产生的扭矩及转速传递给传动轴至钻头。
万向轴大多采用瓣形,也有采用挠轴形式的。
渤海启明钻具的瓣型万向轴采用线切割技术制成,切口平行度高,粗糙度可达
且不破坏金属化学成分,因此使用寿命高、机械损失小(如图4)。
钻具使用后,应立即拆卸,检查万向轴,如磨损量超过维修标准,应及时更换有关易损件,否则会因万向轴的使用过度致使钻具无法正常工作。
3.4传动轴总成
传动轴的作用是将马达的旋转动力传递给钻头,同时承受钻压所产生的轴向和径向负荷。
我公司制造的钻具传动轴总成有两种结构:
(1)钻头水眼压降为7.0Mpa,采用硬质合金径向轴承和中间有一组推力轴承的传动轴总成(如图5);
(2)钻头水眼压降为14.0Mpa,采用硬质合金径向轴承和金刚石复合片(PDC)的平面止推轴承,其寿命更长、承载能力更高。
4.螺杆钻具型号说明4.ModelNumber
例:
5LZ165×7.0BH
表示为转子头数与定子头数比为5﹕6的、外径为165mm螺杆钻具,钻头水眼压降为7.0Mpa。
BH(渤海)。
5.使用须知
5.1井场钻井技术人员和司钻必须了解钻具的结构原理和使用参数。
按使用手册的要求合理使用钻具。
5.2根据整个井眼的钻井作业计划,由钻井工程师根据任务结合地层结构、井眼孔径、深度、机械转速选定所用钻头与钻具型号,决定水眼直径和钻具组合。
现场施工必须严格按制定的钻井作业计划执行。
5.3对钻井液的要求:
螺杆钻具的马达为容积式,决定钻具性能的因素是马达的输入流量和作用于两端的压力降,而不是钻井液的类型。
钻井液的物理化学性能除个别有损钻具寿命外,一般不影响钻具性能,应注意考虑钻井工艺的需要。
但钻井液所含的各
Example:
5LZ165X7.0BH
Itexpresses:
Ratioofthenumberofrotorendsandthenumberofstatorendsis5:
6;O.DofScrewdrillis165mm;Bitnozzlepressurelossis7.0Mpa;BHisBoHai
5.ApplicationNotices
5.1Sitedrillingtechnicalpersonsanddrillersshallknowwellscrewdrillstructureprincipleandtechnicalparameters,correctlyapplyscrewdrillinaccordancewithrequirementsspecifiedinthismanual.
5.2Drillingengineershallmakeoperationprogramuponthewholehole,andselectthemodelofscrewdrillandbittobeused,determinenozzlesizeandscrewdrillcombinationaccordingtoformationedgestructure,holesize,depthandmechanicalspeed.Thedetermineddrillingprogramshallbestrictlycarriedoutaccordinglyonthelocation.
5.3DrillingFluidRequirement:
Screwdrillmotorshallbevolumetric.Thekeyfactortoscrewdrillpropertyismotorinletflowrate,andthepressurelossfunctioningontobothends.Butitisnotthekindofdrillingfluid.Physicalandchemicalpropertyofdrillingfluid,excepttheindividualdamagetoscrewdrillrunninglife,normallydoesnotaffectitsproperty.
Screwdrillshallbedisassembliedasquicklyaspossibleafterusetoexaminecardanshaft.Ifitisfoundoutthatweardegreeisovermaintenancestandard,relevantconsumablecomponentsshallbechangedpromptly.Ifitisnot,screwdrillcannotberunningnormallyduetooverruntimeofcardanshaft.
3.4DriveShaftAssembly
Driveshaftistotransmitmotorrotarydynamicforceontothebit,meanwhiletowithstandaxialandradialloadfromdrillingweight.Wehavetwotypesofdriveshafts,asfollows:
1)Bitnozzlepressurelossis7.0Mpa,usinghardalloyradialbearinganddriveshaftassemblywiththrustbearings(Fig.5);
2)Bitnozzlepressurelossis14.0Mpa,usinghardalloyradialbearingandPDCcutterflatthrustbearing.Ithaslongerlastinglifeandhigherbearingcapacity.
Thisshallbeconsideredfortheneedofdrillingprocess.However,thecontentofhardgrainsinmudstreammustbelimitedsincetheycanspeedupwearofbearingandmotor,maycauseshorteningscrewdrillrunninglife.Itissuggestedthatsolidsandcontentshouldnotbeover1%(actuallywhensandcontentis5%,runninglifewillbereducedby50%).Also,takecare,notletdrillingfluidmixedwithanygas,becausethefluidwithgasmayeasilycause“GasErosion”.Itmayspeeduptooldamagewithchangeofpressure.Inparticular,therubberonstatorismoreeasilydamagedbygaserosion.Enoughattentionshallbepaidtothisproblem.
5.4BitSelection:
Forbitselection,itisimportanttocombineandmatchscrewdrilltobeused.Itrelatestosuccessofscrewdrillapplication.Itisadvisedsiteoperatorsshalltakecareofthismatter.Applicationfactorstocombinebitwithscrewdrillareasfollows:
(1)DrillingPlanandProgram;
(2)FormationEdgeStructure;
(3)StructureofMudFlowingChannels;
(4)DeterminedMechanicalDrillingSpeed;
(5)EstimationofBitandScrewDrillRunningLife;
(6)DesignofBitNozzlePressureLoss
Pleasereferrelevantprofessionalinformationfordetailbitselectiononformationstructure.Here
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