科技英语语法第一部分词类.docx
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科技英语语法第一部分词类.docx
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科技英语语法第一部分词类
[改错:
语法书第271页倒数第四行“它通常省略谓语”应该改为“它通常省略主语”。
]
Grammarisimportantforyoutounderstandscientificliteraturewithaccuracy.InwritingscientificEnglish,grammarappearsmoreimportant.SomeprofessorsandPh.D.candidatessenttheirpaperstothewell-knowninternationaltechnicaljournals,suchastheAmericanIEEEandtheBritishIET.Thereviewers’commentmightoftenbelikethis:
“Whatisdescribedinyourpaperisacceptable.ButyourEnglishisprettypoor.Pleaseimproveit(or:
Pleaserewriteyourpaperentirely).”
Ashasbeenmentionedabove,grammarisimportant.Butitisnoteverything.“Overkilling”[过分]insentenceanalysisisobjectionable.Myideais:
Emphasisshouldbelaidonwhatyoufindmostdifficultandonwhatisdifferentfromourmothertongue—theChineselanguage,which,itseemstome,istrueforthestudyofanyforeignlanguage.
Todaywe’llbeginwiththepartsofspeech[词类].Theyarejustlikecomponentsinelectronicdevices[电子设备].BeforeyoustarttolearnaTVreceiver,forinstance,youshouldhaveagoodunderstandingofthefunctionsofvariouscomponents.Thenyouwillbeabletolearnthemachinewell.Otherwise,youwon’tbeabletodoso,I’mafraid.
However,thispointisoftenignoredbytheChinesestudentswhiletheyarelearningaforeignlanguage.Asamatteroffact,manyproblemsarisefromthemisunderstandingofthepartofspeechofawordanditsfunctioninasentence.
Chapter1PartsofSpeech(词类)
I.Articles(冠词)
Werestrictourdiscussiontothefollowingpoints.
1.TheirtranslationintoChinese
Therearethreepossibilities:
(Whichonewillbeadoptedis
determinedbythetrial-and-errormethod“试探法”.)
(1)TheymustbetranslatedintoChinese.
(2)Theymustn’tbetranslatedintoChinese.
(3)TheymayormaynotbetranslatedintoChinese.
Examples:
Atableisoftenmadeofwood.
Hereisananalysis.[Hereisanexperiment.Hereisanexample.=Anexamplefollows.]
θisaparameter.
Theproofofthetheoremisnotdifficult.
Theunitofcurrent(电流)istheampere(安培).
2.Thebasicusageofarticles
(1)Beforeacountablenouninsingularform,anarticle
mustbeused.
(2)Beforeanoun(countableoruncountable)whichis
specificallyreferredto,adefinitearticlemustbeused.
“如果把电压(voltage)加到电路(circuit)的两端,在
电路中就会有电流(current)流动(flow)。
”
Ifavoltageisappliedto[across](the)twoends[terminals]ofacircuit,anelectriccurrentwillresult[flow]inthecircuit.
“工程师能创造以前从来没有过的东西。
”
whathasneverexistedbefore.★
Anengineercancreatethingsthathaveneverexistedbefore
[Engineers]somethingthathasneverexisted..
“钨(tungsten)就是用在电灯里的那种金属。
”
electriclamps.★
Tungstenisthe(very)metalusedin
anelectriclamp.
3.Theirspecialpositions★
“这里的飞机[aircraft]都是从国外进口的。
”(with“all”asanadjective)
Alltheaircraftherewereimportedfromabroad.
“这是一台如此(so)灵敏的(sensitive)安培表(ammeter)以致于它能测出电流的微弱变化(slightchange)。
”(with“this”asthesubjectofthesentence)
Thisissosensitiveaninstrumentthatitcanmeasureaslightchangein[of]current.
Summary:
(1)
all
both+the+noun
half
(2)
such
+a(an)+noun
what(多么)—usedinanexclamatorysentence
(3)★
how(多么)
as…(as)
so(如此)+adjective+a(an)+noun
too(太)
****************************************************
I.C/ETranslation
1.中国具有数倍于法国那么大的面积。
(Youareaskedtousethepattern“as+adj.+noun+as”with“China”asthesubject.)
2.我们得确定为提起这石头需要多大的力。
II.ArticleFilling
1.__magnet(磁铁)has__Spole(极)and__Npole.
2.Thatis______18-voltbattery.
3.Thisis______UNIXsystemheader(标题).
III.E/CTranslation
1.Wefindthatwearedealingwithtoolargeaclassofcircuits(电路).Sowehavetochoosesomeofthemfordiscussionhere.
2.Soinstinctive(本能的)anact(行为)aschoosingagradual(平缓的)slope(坡度)ofahilltowalkupinsteadofasteep(陡峭的)slopeisbasedontheprincipleoftheinclinedplane(斜面).
3.Thisisaboutassmallamass[质量]asyoucanfindanywhere.
4.Thisistoocomplicatedaproblemforustogointo.
5.Afriendfunction(友人函数)isasmuchapartofthatinterface(接口)asisamemberfunction(成员函数).
6.Whatanimportantinstrument(仪器)isonethatadequately(适当地)displays(显示出)theFouriertransform(傅氏变换)ofafunctionoftime(时函数),evenwhentheintervalofintegration(积分区间)isnotinfinity(无穷大).
**********************************************
ChinahasseveraltimesaslargeanareaasFrance(does).★[or:
Chinahasanarea(whichis)severaltimesaslargeasthatofFrance.]
Wehavetodeterminehowlargeaforceisrequired[needed]toliftthestone.
4.Specialhabitualusesoftheindefinitearticlesbeforeuncountablenouns(especiallytoexpresstheideaof“。
。
。
一下;作一。
。
。
”)
Anincreaseinpressurealwayscausesadecreaseinvolume.
Itistheforceoffriction(摩擦)thatbringsthecartoastop.
Thereisagrowingawarenessthatitisurgenttoreduceglobalwarming.
Weshallstartwithastudyofforces.
Theimportanceofthehigherfrequenciescanreadilybeseenbyanexaminationofthebandwidth(带宽)oftheaudio-frequencyspectrum(音频频谱).
asoundknowledgeof…
agoodunderstandingof…
acleardescriptionof…
astudyof…
acomparisonof[between]…
abriefqualitativediscussionof…
athoroughtreatmentof…
amentionof…
atheoreticalanalysisof…
anexaminationof…
adirectapplicationof…
acalculationof…
●AddedTranslationExercise:
1.
(1)Acarefuldiscussionofthispointleadstotheconceptofinternalenergy.
(2)Anincreaseofinternalenergyisusuallyaccompanied(伴随)byariseintemperature,andadecreaseininternalenergybyatemperaturedrop(温度的下降).
(3)Adetailedtreatment(详细的论述)ofsubjectmatter(主题)inallofSection(节)3-7isavailable.
2.
(1)“[本文]对其性能(performance)作了初步的(initial)分析。
”
Aninitialanalysisofitsperformancehasbeenmade(inthispaper).
(2)“为此,对计算机科学必须有很好的了解。
”
Forthispurpose[Todothis],agoodknowledge[understanding]ofcomputerscienceisnecessary.(or:
Forthispurpose,itisnecessarytohave[obtain;develop]agoodknowledgeofcomputerscience.)
______________________________________________
II.Prepositions(介词)
1.Payattentiontofunctionsofaprepositionalphrase
(1)Adverbial(状):
Payattentiontotheirpositionsin
theChineseversions.(It'sgenerallyputbeforethepredicateorthesubjectintheChineselanguage.)
Therearemanycomponentsinthisdevice.
▲Predicativeadverbial(表语性状语)(or:
aspecialappositive“同位语”)
Theirchannelresistances(沟道电阻)willberelativelylow,oftheorderof500Ω.(theorderof=about“大约”)
Thereceivernoisefigure(噪声值)islow,intheorderof5to10dB.
(2)Attribute(定)—asapostmodifier(后置定语)only
Theswitchonthewallnearthedooroftheroomisfor
theceilinglight.
(3)Complement(补):
mostlythe“as-phrase”requiredbymanyverbs
defineAasB
regardAasB
refertoAasB
speakofAasB
Thisparameter(参数)isdefinedastheratioofsignaltonoise.
Themass(质量)ofabodycanbethoughtofastheforceperunitofacceleration(加速度).
Werefertotheoppositiontotheflowofelectronsaselectricalresistance.
***Anincreasingnumberofengineeringdesignersfinditofvaluetohaveaworkingknowledgeofelectroniccomputers.
***afewsetverbalphrases:
(keep…atwork;set…inmotion)
Pressureisrequiredforforcingthewaterthroughapipe.★
Everywherewecanseegravity(重力)inaction.
Electricitykeepsmachinesatwork.
Nowsetthecharges(电荷)inmotionandmeasurethemagneticforce(磁力).
(4)Predicative(表语)
Anothercommonapproachisthroughtheuseofasymmetricalsquarewave.(对称方波)
Theoperatingpathisalongthesegment(线段)a’b’ofthediodecharacteristic(二极管特性曲线).
(5)Parenthesis(插入语)—manysetphrases(infact;ofcourse;forexample,……)
(6)Prepositionalobject(介词宾语)—onlyafterafewprepositions,suchas“from★,except★,to,…)
Theenergyfromwithintheearthcanbeexploited.
Noiseispresentineveryelectricalcircuit(电路)exceptatatemperatureofabsolutezero.
Thehighestorder(度)ofaccuracyobtainableinusingthistechniqueistowithin0.01percent.
(7)Expressingarangeofvaluesasapremodifier(前置修饰语)
Apackage(集成块)containingoneormoreopamps(运算放大器)typicallyhasbetween8and14terminals.
Thisgreatlysimplifiesthemeasurementofphase(相位)inthefrequencyrangeoffrom1to1,000MHz.
2.TheusefulideasofseveralcommonlyusedprepositionsinscientificEnglish
(1)of
①“of+someabstractnouns
”=correspondingadjectives
Thispointisofgreatimportance(=veryimportant).
②Expressingtheideaof“在……之中”
Ofallthecomputershere,thisoneworksbest.
Ofthesethreenewchapters,thefirstdealswithreceivers.
③Expressingtherelationofapposition(同位)
Thescienceofchemistryisveryusefulinthemodernworld.
Theconceptofpotentialdifference(电位差)willbeintroducedinthenextsection.
Thisbatterycansupplyacurrentof4mA.
④Introducingthelogicalsubjectofthenounbeforeitwhichcomesfromanintransitiveverb
Attentionshouldbepaidtothevariationofthetransistorcurrentwithtemperature.
⑤Introducingthelogicalobjectofthenounbeforeitwhichcomesfromatransitiveverb
Theseparationofaluminumfromitsore(矿石)wasverydifficultatthattime.
⑥Introducingthelogicalsubjectofaspecialtypeofcomplexinfinitivephrase
★Theabilityofabodytodoworkiscalledenergy.
(2)with
①“with+someabstractnouns
”=correspondingadverbs
Itisnowpossibletochangeacintodcwithgreatease.
②Expressingtheideaof“随着”whenitisusedtogetherwith“vary,change,increase,decrease,rise,fall”
Thisparameter(参数)varieswithtemperature.
③Formingthe“with-structure”★
Withtheswitcho
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