马斯洛需求层次理论外文翻译.docx

马斯洛需求层次理论外文翻译.docx

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马斯洛需求层次理论外文翻译

马斯洛需求层次理论外文翻译

本科毕业论文（设计）

外文翻译

原文:

Maslow’sHierarchyofNeeds

Maslow’sHierarchyofNeedsisavaluableassessmenttoolthatisusedinmanydifferentprofessions,particularlythoseinthefieldsofeducationandhealthcare.Theideasofneedsareaddressedinorder,asthebodyresolvesthemostbasicneedsforsurvivalbeforemovingontomorecomplexneeds.

ManyeducationalprogramsinthehealthcarefieldteachMaslow’shierarchyinordertoaddresstheneedsofpatientsandwheretheyareintheirlifefromapsychologicalperspective,simplybecauseithelpsidentifyandaddresstheneedsofthoseparticularpatients.

Theideaofusingahierarchypyramidhelpsustolayoutthestagesofneed,startingwiththebaseofthepyramid,whichlooksatphysiologicalneeds.Asweworkourwayupthepyramid,theneedsstarttobecomemorecomplex,andincludesafetyneeds,socialneeds,esteemneeds,andfinally,attheverytop,wehaveself-actualization.ThisarticleexploresthetheoriesofAbrahamMaslowindetail,aswellasaddressesthecontroversiesthathavebeenquestionedinhistheory.ThisarticlewillalsoevaluatetheimpactofthesetheoriesonhumanbehaviorandassesseachofthecomponentscomprisedwithinMaslow’sHierarchyPyramid.

PhysiologicalNeeds

Physiologicalneedsareinfluencedgenerallythroughthecravingsthatwehave.Ifapersonisthirsty,heorshefindsadrinkingfountain.Similarly,iftheindividualishungry,heorshewillfindfood.Ifthebodyisbeingdeprivedofoxygen,itwillsurelyreact.Ifthereisavitamindeficiency,thebodyhassubtlewaysoffulfillingthatneed.

Oneexampleofhowthebodyregulatesitselfonaphysiologicallevelisbyhomeostasis.Homeostasissimplymeanstoregulate.Apartofthehumanbrain,calledthehypothalamus,playsanimportantroleinkeepingthebodyregulatedbycontrollingthebody’sthermostat,whichiscontrolledbythereleaseofseveralhormonescalledgonadotropins.

Anotherprimeexampleisthereleaseofthe“fightorflight”hormonesthataresecretedbytheadrenalmedullaoftheadrenalglands.Ifthereisaneedforthebodytodefenditself,thesehormoneswillsurgeintoactiontopreparethebodyforfightorflight.Thesehormones,althoughtheyplayanimportantrole,arekeptincompliancebyregulatorymechanismswithinthebrain.

Throughoutlife,theideaofphysiologicalneedsremainsconsistent.Theneedtomaintainadequatephysiologicalbalancewillalwaysbeessential,andmaykickintoactioninverydifferentwaysatvariousdifferenttimes,whethertheindividualsexperiencingitareawareofitornot.Forexample,howwouldanyoneevergetagoodnight’ssleepiftheyhadtoliterallythinkabouttheirbreathingpattern,heartrateorbloodpressureonaconsciouslevel?

Suresomepeoplemayhavetogetupduringthenighttousetherestroomorgrabaglassofwater,butrememberthatthisisallpartofhowthebodyregulatesitself.

Thenotionthatphysiologicalneedstieintoother,morecomplexneedsofthehierarchyisveryrelevant.Maslowbelievedthatoncethephysiologicalneedsaremetinsufficientdetail,peoplemoveontoaddressthesemorecomplexneeds.Safetyandsecuritymakeupthenextplatformofthepyramid.

SafetyNeeds

Muchlikephysiologicalneedsrequiremaintenancethroughoutlife,sodoestheneedtofeelsecure.Thisneedismorepsychological.Withthatbeingsaid,safetyneedsmaybedifferentforeachindividual,dependingonwhereheorsheisinlife.Forachild,thisneedmaymanifestastheneedforasafefamilyenvironment.Therehastobesecurityinthehome,withwarmthandlove.Whenafamilyisdysfunctional,itmakesitdifficultforthatchildtomoveuptothenextlevelofsocialneedsbecausefearisoftenpresent.

Foradults,thisneedmaybeeconomicinnature.Ifapersonloseshisorherjob,forexample,fearandanxietywillhaveanimpactonthatperson’ssociallife,andmaycausehimorhertoregress.Additionally,adultsarenotimmunetotheneedofsafety.Insomepartsoftheworld,wherethereischaos,peoplearestuckatthislevelofneedingtofeelsafe.Thegoalofconsistentlymeetingtheneedforsafetyistohavestabilityinone’slife.ItistheideaofbeingabletowalkaroundtheblockatnightwithouttheworryofbeingmuggedBelongingNeeds

Advancingupthehierarchypyramid,thenextlevelrepresentstheneedtobelongonasociallevel.Thesociallevelgenerallybecomesthepriorityonlyafterthephysiologicalandsafetyneedshavebeensufficientlymetandmaintained.Asenseofbelongingcanbefeltwhenanindividualbecomesmorefocusedonthedesiretobuildrelationshipswithothers.Thisincludesthedesireforaromanticpartner,tohaveclosefriends,andmaybetogetmarriedandhavechildren.

Asenseoraneedtobelong,atanystage,isinfluencedbyseveralfactors.Someoftheseinfluences,forexample,aresocio-economicinfluences:

theeducationlevelofparentsandfamily,theneighborhoodinwhichthechildgrowsupandthetypeofschoolswheretheyareeducated,aswellasthechildrenwhoattendthoseschools.Whatevertypeofbehaviorislearnedandaccepted,basedonthesevariables,islikelythebehaviorthatwillformaparticularindividual’scharacterandself-esteem.

Thelevelofbelongingmustbeestablishedbecauseofitseffectonone’sself-esteem.Ifthelevelofbelonginginthehierarchymodelislow,oranindividualisviewednegativelybypeersinthatgroup,heorshemaydevelopsocialanxietyandmaywithdrawtowardalevelofpeopleinwhichheorshefitsinsocially.Ifachildgrowsupinaneighborhoodwheretherearestreetgangs,andattendsschoolsinthatneighborhoodwiththefamiliesofthosestreetgangs,thenthelikelihoodofthechildtoadaptandtakeonthatformofcharacterbecomesmorelikely.AccordingtoMaslow,thereasonforthisbehavioralpatternislikelyduetothepeergroupsthatthechildgrewupwith.

Thisisnotmeanttoimplythatallchildrenwhogrowupinthistypeofneighborhoodwilljoinagang,simplythatthereisahigherlikelihoodofthatoutcome.Ontheotherhand,ifachildisbroughtupinamoreaffluentneighborhood,itislikelythattheparentswillalsobemoreeducated.Inthisscenario,itismorelikelythatthechildwilldevelopandadapttothepeergroupsinwhicheducationismoreofapriority.Theinfluenceinachild’supbringingstartswithahomeandfamilythatsecuresthepreviouslevelsofMaslow’shierarchybymeetingandmaintainingthefoundationlevelsofneeds.Relievinganyanxietyorfearwillhelpputmoreemphasisonsocialdevelopment,andwiththiswillcomeahealthierself-esteem.

EsteemNeeds

Oncetheneedsofphysiology,safetyandbelonginghavebeenmet,theindividualwillnowmoveontotheneedsoftheirself-esteem.Self-esteem,likeallthepriorneeds,mustalsobemaintained.Thisisthehighestplatforminthecategoryofdeficitneeds.Self-esteembeginstoestablishitselfinlifeasearlyasagetwo.Maslow’shierarchyaddressestwolevelsofself-esteem.Oneofthoseisalowerlevelandtheotherisahigherlevel.

Thelowerformofself-esteemisdirectlyrelatedtoanindividual’sego,meaningthatthereisastrongneedtoberespectedbyothers.Withinthislowerform,theindividualstillremainsfocusedonacceptancebyothers.Thislowerformofself-esteemismetwhenanindividualhasestablishedalevelofstatus,recognition,fame,reputationandappreciation,justtonameafew.Theymayalsorequiresomereinforcementorvalidationofsomekindinorderforthislowerformofself-esteemtobemaintained.

Thehigherformofself-esteemthatMaslowaddressesisthatofself-respect.Thishigherformofself-esteemrequireslessmaintenancebecausethroughaccomplishment,itbecomesapermanentpartofwhotheindividualis.Wecansaythatonceapersonhasgainedrespectforhimselforherself,itismuchhardertolosethatrespectortohaveittakenaway.Theideaofconfidenceinability,themasteryofsomething,orthecompetencethatisestablishedinwhatthesepeopledo,supportsthishigherformofself-esteem.

Theseformsofself-esteemshouldnotbeconfusedwithanindividualhavinghighorlowself-esteem.Individualswithlowself-esteemoftenhavealowopinionofthemselvesandtheirself-image.Asaresult,inferioritycomplexesarepresentintheindividual.Withthisideainmind,Maslowcontendsthatthemajorityofpeople’spsychologicalproblemsareduetolowself-esteem.Therealismhereisthatifapersondon’tlikehimselforherself,orwhoheorsheisorwhatheorshehasaccomplished,thenthatpersonwillbemorecriticalofhimselforherself.Throughthatprocess,negativeselftalkisborn,andcancreateabarriertoachievingpersonalsuccess.

Self-Actualization

Self-actualizationisdefinedbyMaslowasthesinglecomponentofbeingwithinthehierarchymodel.Being,inthissense,meansnotbeingapartofthedeficitneedsastheyappearwithinthelowerchainofthehierarchyThisneedisindependent?

theremustbesomeaccomplishmentofalltheotherdeficitneeds,whicharebestdefinedaswhatweappeartobe,accordingtothestandardsofsociety.Selfactualizationistheinternaldialoguethateveryoneestablishesatsomepointintheirlives.Inordertodothat,theremustbesomeestablishmentorsatisfactionofthepriorneeds.Onceallofthepreviousneedshavebeenmet,anindividualcandirecthisorherfocustowardatruecalling.Usuallywhenapersonishungry,ortheydon’tfeelsafe,ortheyfeelunloved,thefocalpointleanstowardsresolvingthoseissues,thereforedisruptingthefocusonself-actualizing.Withself-actua