四六级强化材料4.docx
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四六级强化材料4.docx
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四六级强化材料4
ModelTest4
PartⅠWriting(30minutes)
Directions:
Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayentitledAHarmoniousSocietyinMyMind.Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbelow.
1.DescribethechangesinthenumberofstudentsattendinggraduateentranceexamsinUniversityXinthepastdecade.
2.Givepossiblereasonsforthechanges.
3.Stateyourownchoice.
PartⅡReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(15minutes)
Directions:
Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswerSheet1.Forquestions1-4,mark
Y(forYES)ifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage;
N(forNO)ifthestatementcontradictstheinformationgiveninthepassage;
NG(forNOTGIVEN)iftheinformationisnotgiveninthepassage.
Forquestion5-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.
TheNextDisaster:
AreWeReady?
AreWeReallyPrepared?
AftertheattacksonSeptember11andthehurricanesthatslammedtheGulfCoastlastyear,you'dexpectourmajorcitiestobereadywithdisasterplansthatwillsavelivesandproperty.There'snodoubtwe'llbehitagain—maybeevenharder—becausethelistofpossiblecalamities(灾难)islong:
fromabirdflupandemictoamassiveCaliforniaearthquake,tomoremonsterstorms,toanotherterroristattack.
Butarewereallypreparedtoprotectpeople,aswellastheirhomesandbusinesses?
Everymajorurbanareahasreceivedfederalfunding,muchofitfromtheDepartmentofHomelandSecurity(DHS),inordertomaketheircitiesmoresecure.Buttherearenosetcriteriaformeasuringpreparedness(thefedsareworkingonthat),andthequalityofdisasterplansvarieswidelythroughoutthecountry.
Sowedecidedtodoanindependentassessmentof10high-riskurbanareas,focusingonkeysecurityindicators.Weanalyzedpublicdata,consultedwithfederalandlocalemergencyworkers,andcontactedthemayors'officestogauge(测量)thereadinessofthesecitiestomeetbothnaturalandman-madedisasters.
Ourcriteriafellunderthreemaincategories:
EmergencyReadiness,CrisisCommunications,andMedicalResponse.
EmergencyReadiness
Arethereatleast1,000firstresponders(suchaspolice,fireandEMTs)per100,000residents?
They'reourfirstlineofprotectioninalmostanydisastersituation—professionalswhoaretrainedtohandleeverythingfromrescuingvictimstoprovidingfirstaid,toenforcingquarantines(封锁),todirectingtrafficforevacuations(疏散).
Aretherefederalsearch-and-rescueteamsbasedwithin50miles?
Largecitiesoftenhavespecializedteamstodealwithsuchthingsashigh-rise-buildingrescuesorhazardouschemicalspills.Butthesesquadsaresometimessmall,ill-equipped,orrunonashoestring.Thisisnottrueoffederalurbansearch-and-rescuetaskforcesthattheDHSsupportsacrossthecountry.Eachtaskforceismadeof62membersand4canines,aswellasa"comprehensivecache"ofequipment.DHStaskforcesarenotautomaticallyassigned;acityneedstoapplyandpresentitscase.
Hasthecityorstateearned"greenstatus"fromtheCentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention?
Supposethatinthemidstofaflupandemicorbioterrorattack,yourcityranlowoncriticalmedicines.TheCDCstandsreadytohelpbydistributingdrugsandmedicalequipmentfromitsStrategicNationalStockpile.Buttheagencywantstoknowthatacityorstateisabletoquicklymobilizehundredsofhealthworkersandvolunteerstrainedtohandlethelogistics,andhasspacesetasideforstorageandrefrigeration.You'rebestoffifyourcityhasearnedtheCDC's"greenstatus"—evenifthestateitselfhasnot—becauseitmeanslocalhealthteamscanhandlethesuppliesontheirown.
Doesthecitywebsiteexplainclearlywhattodoincaseofevacuation?
WhocanforgettheimagesofstrandedNewOrleansresidents,orthe5-mphcrawloutofHouston?
ItturnedoutthatNewOrleans'sevacuationplanswerebothinadequateandpoorlycommunicated.Onewaycitiescanavoidasimilarnightmareistoputclearandeasy-to-findevacuationinformationontheirwebsites.Somecities,suchasBostonandWashington,postthepreferredstreetroutes.Others,likeLasVegas,won'tdisclosedetailsduetosecurityfears,buttheirwebsitesmayprovidewaystoquicklygetevacuationdetailswhenyouneedthem(suchasnumberstocalloralertservicesyoucansignupfor).Amongthemoreimportantthingstoaddressarepeoplewithoutvehiclesoftheirown(ahugefailinginNewOrleans)andinstructionsforpetowners.
Doesthewebsiteincludedetailsforresidentswithspecialneeds?
InJuly1995,aviciousheatwavekillednearly500peopleinChicago;adisproportionatenumberofthemwereolderresidentswholivedalone.Inanycrisis,theelderlyanddisabledcanbeuniquelyvulnerable.That'swhycitiessuchasHoustonarecreatingregistriesofresidentswhowouldneedspecialhelp.Suchlistswouldindicate,forinstance,thatacertainpersoninacertainapartmentbuildingiswheel-chair-bound.Othercitiesareinstructingpeoplewithdisabilitiestocall911forassistance—thoughthisreliesonphonesystemsthatcouldbeoverloadedorgodead.Ifacity'sdisasterplanningshowsnoawarenessofspecial-needspeople,itisn'tcomplete.
CrisisCommunications
Canfirstresponders—police,fireandmedical—talktooneanother?
OnSeptember11,firefightersdiedinsidetheWorldTradeCenterbecausetheycouldnotmakecontactwithpolicehelicopterstryingtoradiowarnings.Incompatiblecommunicationsisacountry-wideproblem,andconvertingorreplacingdecades-oldradiosystemscanbealong,expensiveprocess.Citieshavegottenabigboostifthey'vetakenpartinRapidCom,aDHSprogramprovidingtechnicalassistanceandtrainingthatspeedsupthetransition.
HasthecityadoptedE911?
Manycitieshaveupgradedtheir911callcentersinrecentyears,butthey'reevenbetterpreparedifthey'veincorporated"E911"(or"enhanced911").Thistechnologyenablesemergencyoperatorstoidentifythepreciselocationofcell-phonecallersthroughGPSsystems.Ifyouwindupstrandedinfloodwaters,E911couldsaveyourlife.
Doesthecityprovide24-houremergencyalerts?
Whatifanevacuationordergoesout,butit's3a.m.andyou'resoundasleep?
Notaproblemifyourcityhasawayofalertingyouatanytimeofday.Somerelyonstreetsirens(警报器)todothetrick.Othershaveusedtheirwebsitestoinviteresidentstosignupfore-mailnotificationsorautomatedphonecallsinanemergency.
MedicalResponse
Arethereatleast500hospitalbedsforevery100,000residents?
Gettingtovictimsquicklyisacriticalfirststep.Butyou'dbetterhaveaplacetotakethemfortreatment.Areasonablestandard,accordingtopreparednessexperts,is500hospitalbedsforevery100,000people—aratiothatwouldlikelymeanacitycouldfindenoughsparebedsinanemergency.Ofcourse,bedsalonewon'tshelpamassivenumberofburnvictimsorpeoplesufferingfromchemicalexposureunlessthehospitalispreparedtotreatthem.Butallthecitiesinoursurveyhavespecialtyunitsintheirhospitalsthatcanhandlesuchcases.
Arelocalteamstrainedtorespondquicklyandworktogether?
Ifandurbanareawastargetedbyweaponsofmassdestruction,cityhealthofficialscouldn'tjustwaitforfederalhelptoarrive.Firstrespondersandhospitalwouldneedtoreactrightaway.Theycouldalsoneedmedicalvolunteers—say,tohelpvaccinatepeopleordistributemedicinesandsupplies.Howtoensurethatalltheseprofessionalsandvolunteersworktogetherasseamlesslyaspossible?
IfacityispartofDHS'sMetropolitanMedicalResponseSystem,ithasobtainedfederalassistanceindevelopingplans,andhasreceivedcriticaltrainingandequipment.
Aretherelabsnearbythatspecializeinbiologicalandchemicalthreats?
TheCDCisonthecuttingedgewithitsLaboratoryResponseNetwork—integratedlabsnationwidethathavetheequipmentandexpertisetoquicklyidentifypathogensandtoxicchemicals.AnLRNlabinFloridawasthefirsttodetectanthrax(炭疽热)interroristmailingsin2001.Laboratoriescanbemembersonlyiftheyhavehighlytrainedstaffandexceptionalfacilities,aswellastrackrecordoftestingaccuracy.AhandfulofLRNlabsqualifyas"Level1",meaningtheycantestforchemicalpoisonssuchasmustardandnerveagents.
1.Abirdflu,amassiveearthquake,amonsterstormandaterroristattackareallthreatstomajorcitiesintheU.S.
2.Theauthordoesanassessmentofallhigh-riskurbanareasintheU.S.
3.Policemen,firemenandemergencydoctorsallcanbecalledfirstresponders.
4.Eachfederalurbansearch-and-rescuetaskforceismadeupofatleast60members.
5.IfacityhasearnedtheCDC'sgreenstatus"greenstatus",itmeansthatitslocalhealthteamscan________ontheirown.
6.YoucangetevacuationdetailsthroughthewaysprovidedbythewebsiteofLasVegasthoughitdoesn'tdisclosethedetailsdueto________.
7.Incompatiblecommunicationsisacountry-wideproblemintheU.S.becauseofthe________whichshouldbeconvertedorreplaced.
8.Emergencyoperatorscanidentifythepreciselocationofcell-phonecallersthroughGPSsystemswiththeuseof________.
9.Accordingtopreparednessexperts,ifacityhasatleast500hospitalbedsforevery100,000residents,itcouldfind________inanemergency.
10.AsapartofDHS'sMetropolitanMedicalResponseSystem,acitycanobtain________indevelopingplans
PartIListeningcomprehension(20minutes)
SectionA
Directions:
Inthissection,youwillhear8shortconversationsand2longconversation
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