外文翻译港口区域化港口发展的一个新阶段.docx

外文翻译港口区域化港口发展的一个新阶段.docx

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外文翻译港口区域化港口发展的一个新阶段

本科毕业论文外文翻译

外文题目：

Portregionalization:

towardsanewphaseinportdevelopment

出处：

MARIT.POL.MGMT.,JULY–SEPTEMBER2005

VOL.32,NO.3

作者：

Notteboom.TheoERodrigue.Jean-Paul

原文：

Portregionalization:

towardsanewphaseinportdevelopment

Logisticsintegrationandnetworkorientationintheportandmaritimeindustryhaveredefinedthefunctionalroleofportsinvaluechainsandhavegeneratednewpatternsoffreightdistributionandnewapproachestoporthierarchy.Existingmodelsonthespatialandfunctionalevolutionofportsandportsystemsonlypartiallyfitintothenewfreightdistributionparadigm.Thispaperaimstoaddtoexistingliteraturebyintroducingaportregionalizationphaseinportandportsystemdevelopment.Itisdemonstratedthattheregionalizationphaseandassociatedhinterlandconceptsdemandnewapproachestoportgovernanceandafunctionalfocusthatgoesbeyondthetraditionalportperimeter.

1.Introduction

Inlanddistributionisbecomingaveryimportantdimensionoftheglobalization/

maritimetransportation/freightdistributionparadigm.Customersarecalculatingthetotallogisticcostoftransportingcontainerizedgoods,implyingthatcurrentefficiencyimprovementsinlogistics,namelyforcontainertransportation,arederivedforalargepartfrominlanddistribution.Thedevelopmentofglobalsupplychainsincreasedthepressureonthemaritimehaul,onportoperationsand,lastbutnotleastoninlandfreightdistribution.Inlandaccessibilityassuchhasbecomeacornerstoneinportcompetitiveness.

Thiscontributionprovidesaconceptualapproachtoport–hinterlandrelationships

inachangingmarketenvironment.Thepaperaimstodiscussandextendexistingmodelsonthespatialandfunctionaldevelopmentofindividualportterminalsandlargerportterminalsystems.A‘regionalization’phaseinportandportsystemdevelopmentisintroducedandfurthersubstantiated.Thepaperfurthermoreelaboratesongovernanceissueslinkedtotheregionalizationphaseandthedevelopmentofsustainablehinterlandconceptsthataddtoaport’scompetitiveposition.

2.Portterminalsandinlandfreightdistribution

2.1.Portdevelopment

OneofthemostwidelyacknowledgedconceptualperspectivesonportdevelopmentistheAnyportmodeldevelopedbyBird.Startingfromtheinitialportsitewithsmalllateralquaysadjacenttothetowncentre,portexpansionistheproductofevolvingmaritimetechnologiesandimprovementsincargohandling.Threemajor

stepscanbeidentifiedintheportdevelopmentprocessidentifiedbyAnyportsetting,expansionandspecialization.Thethreephasesdepictwellportdevelopmentprocesses,especiallyinlargetraditionalports.Themodelremainsavalidexplanationofportdevelopment.However,themodelhassomeweaknessesinviewofexplainingcontemporaryportdevelopment.

Firstofall,itdoesnotexplaintherecentriseofseaportterminalsthatprimarily

actastranshipmenthubsinextensivemaritimehub-and-spokeandcollectionand

distributionnetworks.Increasedcargoavailabilityhastriggeredchangesinvesselsize,linerserviceschedulesandinthestructureoflinershipping.Carriersandallianceshavereshapedtheirlinershippingnetworksthroughtheintroductionofnewtypesofend-to-endservices,round-the-worldservicesandpendulumservices,especiallyonthemaineast–westtradelanes.Asaresult,anewbreedofterminalshasemergedalongtheeast–westshippinglanesatunlikelyplacesfarawayfromtheimmediatehinterlandthathistoricallyguidedportselection.Thesesiteshavebeenselectedtoservecontinentsandfortranshippingatthecrossingpointsoftradelanes.Theyrelyheavily,sometimescompletely,ontrafficflowsthataredistantlygeneratedbytheinteractionofwidelyseparatedplacesandstimulatedbytheport’senroutelocationorintermediacy.ThemodelofBirddoesnotprovideabasetoexplaintheemergenceofhubterminalsin‘offshore’orislandlocationswithlimitedornolocalhinterlands.

Second,theBirdmodeldoesnotincludetheinlanddimensionasadrivingfactor

inportdevelopmentdynamics.Thispaperproposesanewphaseofportdevelopment,

withstrongerlinkswiththeirhinterland,butalsoofintermediary/transshipmentports,withstrongerlinkswiththeirforeland.Althoughthesetwofunctionsarenotmutuallyexclusive,itappearsthatduetogeographicalconsiderations,suchasproximityandintermediacytoproductionandconsumption,portsarespecializinginonefunction.Regionalizationexpandsthehinterlandreachoftheportthroughanumberofmarketstrategiesandpolicieslinkingitmorecloselytoinlandfreightdistributioncenters.Thephaseofregionalizationbringstheperspectiveofportdevelopmenttoahighergeographicalscale,i.e.beyondtheportperimeter.Thispointwillbesubstantiatedfurtheristhispaper.

2.2.Portterminalsystemsandportregionalization

ThephaseofportregionalizationnotonlyexpandstheAnyportmodelofBird.It

alsoextendstheexistingliteratureonthespatialdevelopmentofseaportsystemsinrelationtomaritimeandhinterlandnetworks.ThemodelofTaaffeetal.suggestsanincreasinglevelofportconcentrationascertainhinterlandroutesdeveloptoagreaterextentthanothersinassociationwiththeincreasedimportanceofparticularurbancenters.Thegeographicalsystemwouldevolvefromaninitialpatternofscattered,poorlyconnectedportsalongthecoastlinetoamainnetworkconsistingofcorridorsbetweengatewayportsandmajorhinterlandcenters.

SimilarlytotheBirdmodel,themodelsonportsystemdevelopmentuptonow（a）didnotexplaintherecentriseofnewhubterminalsand（b）didnotincorporateinlandfreightdistributioncentersandterminalsasactivenodesinshapingloadcentredevelopment.Thispaperproposesarevisedmodelonportsystemdevelopmentfoundedontwoextensions.

3.Substantiatingtheregionalizationphase

3.1.Portregionalizationandlogisticsintegration

Thetransitiontowardstheportregionalizationphaseisagradualandmarket-drivenprocess,imposedonports,thatmirrorstheincreasedfocusofmarketplayersonlogisticsintegration.Thetendencytowardslogisticsintegrationintheportandmaritimeindustryandtheimpactofchangesinlogisticsonthefunctionalroleof

portsinvaluechainsarewelldocumentedinrecentliterature.Robinsonplacestheroleofseaportswithinanewparadigmofportsaselementsinvalue-drivenchainsystems.NotteboomandWinkelmansandHeaveretal.primarilydiscusslogisticsintegrationandthechangingroleofportauthoritiesinthenewlogisticrestructuredenvironment,whileMartinandThomasaddressstructuralchangesinthecontainerterminalcommunity.

Theleveloffunctionalintegrationoflanddistributionisincreasingrapidly.Manydistributionfunctionsthatusedtobeseparatedarenowcontrolledbyasingleentity.Inaconventionalsituation,themajorityofdistributionactivitieswereperformedbydifferententitiesrangingfrommaritimeshippinglines,shippingandcustomagents,freightforwardersandrailandtruckingcompanies.Regulationswereoftenpreventingmultimodalownership,leavingthesystemfragmented.Theshiftfromonesegmenttotheotherwascharacterizedbyadditionalcostsanddelayseitheradministrativeorphysical（namelyintermodal）.Withanincreasingleveloffunctionalintegrationmanyintermediatestepsinthetransportchainhavebeenremoved.Mergersandacquisitionshavepermittedtheemergenceoflargelogisticsoperatorsthatcontrolmanysegmentsofthesupplychain（mega-carriers）.TechnologyhasplayedaparticularroleinthisprocessnamelyintermsofIT（informationtechnology）（controloftheprocess）andintermodalintegration（controloftheflows）.

Logisticsintegrationthusrequiresresponsesandtheformulationofstrategiesconcerninginlandfreightcirculation.Theresponsestothesechallengesgobeyondthetraditionalperspectivescenteredontheportitself.Portregionalizationthusrepresentsthenextstageinportdevelopment（imposedonportsbymarketdynamics）,whereefficiencyisderivedwithhigherlevelsofintegrationwithinlandfreightdistributionsystems.Containerization,intermodalityandICT（informationandcommunicationtechnology）enhancethespatialandfunctionalreconfigurationamonglogisticsnodes.IndiscussingthefunctionaldevelopmentoftheportofRotterdamintheNetherlands,VanKlinkusedtheterm‘borderlessmainport’todescribethefunctionaldevelopmentfromportcitytoportnetwork.Manyportsarereachingastageofregionalizationinwhichmarketforcesandpoliticalinfluencesgraduallyshaperegionalloadcenternetworkswithvaryingdegreesofformallinkagesbetweenthenodesoftheobservednetworks.

3.2.Corridorsandinlandterminalsascornerstonesinportregionalization

Thecorridoristhemainparadigmofinlandaccessibilityasitisthroughmajoraxesthatportterminalsgainaccesstoinlanddistributionsystems.Sinceloading/

dischargingoperationsformfundamentalcomponentsofintermodaltransportation,

regionalizationreliesintheimprovementofterminalsactivitiesalongandateithersideofthecorridors.Thisinvolvesahigherlevelofintegrationwithintermodaltransportsystems,namelywithon-dockrailtranshipmentfacilitiesandtheuseoffluvialbarges.Thenewfunctionofportterminalsrequirestheelaborationofinlandterminalstoaccommodatenewport–inlandlinkages.

Theimmensepressureonthecollectionanddistributionnetworkscausedbychangesinthehierarchyofportsystemshasalwaysdemandedandpromotedthedevelopmentofinlandterminals.Theseterminalsareestablishedaspartofanewconceptinfreightdistrib