以弗洛伊德三重人格理论阐述《土生子》中别格的悲剧命运.docx
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以弗洛伊德三重人格理论阐述《土生子》中别格的悲剧命运.docx
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以弗洛伊德三重人格理论阐述《土生子》中别格的悲剧命运
以弗洛伊德三重人格理论阐述《土生子》中别格的悲剧命运
摘要
《土生子》是二十世纪杰出的美国黑人作家理查德·赖特的代表作。
这部小说被看作是美国黑人小说发展的里程碑。
作者以震撼人心的真实笔触展现了美国社会中的种族歧视和黑人的贫困生活状况,揭示了导致一些黑人走向暴力和犯罪的道路的原因。
这篇文章以弗洛伊德的三重人格理论阐释了小说主人公别格·托马斯的失衡人格和悲剧命运。
通过描写别格·托马斯强大的本我、逐渐缩小的自我、以及慢慢扭曲的超我,分析了造成别格人格失衡的原因和由此铸成的悲剧命运。
身为一个黑人,别格从心底里排斥自己的身份地位,时刻想着改变命运,然而却又无能为力。
因此,别格形成了压抑,恐惧,甚至有些仇恨的心理,如小说情节所示,别格始终生活在这些负面情绪的折磨中,这是导致别格人格失衡的内在原因。
而外在因素包括来自不平等的社会规则、白人群体的歧视和政府人员的盲目。
身为黑人的别格无法正常平衡自己的心理和行动,最终,导致了他悲剧命运的发生。
关键词:
《土生子》;别格;三重人格;悲剧命运
InterpretationofBigger’sTragedyinNativeSonintheViewofFreud’sTriplePersonalityTheory
Abstract
ThenovelNativeSonisoneofthemostoutstandingmasterpieceofRichardWrightin20thcentury,anditisregardedasthemilestoneoftheAfrican-AmericannovelinAmerica.Theauthor’sstrongpendescribedtheracisminAmericansociety,thepoorsituationoftheblackpeopleandhowsomeblackmanlikeBiggersteppedintothecriminalway.
ThethesiswillinterpretBigger’stragicfateinNativeSonintheviewofFreud’sTriplePersonalitytheory,aswellashisdistortedpersonality.ByanalyzingBigger’sstrongId,graduallynarrowingEgoanddistortedSuperego,thisthesisinterpretsthereasonscausingBigger’sdistortedpersonalityandhistragicfate.Asablackman,Biggerhatedhisidentityheartily,andhopedtochangehisfatenowandthen.However,hewashelpless.Therefore,hisheartwasfilledwithrepression,fearandevenhatred.Asthenovelshowstothereaders,hewasconstantlyburnedbythesenegativeemotions.Andtheotherreasonsincludetheunfairrulesinthesociety,theprejudiceofpeopleandthe“blindness”ofthegovernment.Inthatenvironment,Biggercouldnotkeepbalancebetweenhismentalityandactions.Finally,thetragedyhappenedtohim,andhewasputtodeath.
KeyWords:
NativeSon;Bigger;TriplePersonalityTheory;Tragicfate
CONTENTS
Ⅰ.Introduction-1-
Ⅱ.Freud’sTriplePersonalityTheory-2-
2.1ThedefinitionoftheTriplePersonalityTheory-2-
2.2ThedevelopmentoftheTriplePersonalityTheory-3-
Ⅲ.TheparadoxicaldevelopmentofBigger’sinnerworld-5-
3.1ThemanifestationofBigger’sId5
3.2TheexpansionofBigger’sId-7-
3.3TheconstraintofBigger’sEgoandSuperego-9-
3.4TherationalregressionofBigger10
Ⅳ.ThecausesoftheimbalanceofBigger’spersonality-12-
4.1Thefearofself-identity—anAfricanAmerican-13-
4.2Bigger’spsychologicaldistortionandsuppression-14-
4.3Theoppressionfromsociety-16-
4.3.1Theprejudicefromthewhite-16-
4.3.2The“blindness”ofthepowerfulpeople-17-
Ⅴ.TheinfluenceofBigger’spersonalimbalanceonhisfate-18-
5.1ThedegradationofBigger’smorality-18-
5.2TheunchangeablemiserablelifeoftheAfricanAmerican-19-
5.3Thedoomedtragicfate—death-21-
Ⅵ.Conclusion-22-
Bibliography-23-
InterpretationofBigger’sTragedyinNativeSonintheViewofFreud’sTriplePersonalityTheory
Ⅰ.Introduction
RichardWrightwasbornnearMississippiin1908,andlivedinMemphis,Tennessee.GrownupinthetoughenvironmentofbeinganAfricanAmerican,WrightwasanintelligentwriterofHarlemRenaissanceaftertheFirstWorldWar.HismasterpieceNativeSonwasregardedasamilestoneofdevelopmentofthenovelswrittenbytheAmericanblackwriters.InthenovelNativeSon,WrightusedtheshockingwordstoexpresstheracialdiscriminationandtheimpoverishedlifeoftheblackinAmericansociety,aswellashowtheyfinallywenttothecriminalroads.
BiggerThomas,theprotagonistofthefiction,wasablackyoungmanwhowastrappedinalifeofpovertyintheslumsofChicago.HewasintroducedtobeadriverforMr.Daltonbyacharitableorganization.Onenight,BiggerdroveMiss.Daltonhome,whowasgreatlydrunk,andtookherintheroom.Inordernottowakeothersupandkeepsecret,Biggerwasverycautiousanddiscreettowalk,moveandevenbreathe.However,theywerestillheardbyMrs.Dalton,ablindlady.Accordingtothelaw,ablackmancouldnotstayinawhitewoman’sroomalone.SoBiggerwasworryaboutbeingfound.Therefore,hecoveredMary’smouthtightlytopreventherfrommakingsound.Tohissurprise,hispowerwastoostrongandatlasthesmotheredMary.ThenBiggerbeganhisflight.Finallyhewasarrestedbythepolice.
NativeSonconsistsofthreeparts:
theseare“Fare”,“Flight”and“Fate”.RichardWrightshowstheblack’srebellionagainsttheunfairfatebydescribingBigger’scomplexmentalprocess.Atthattime,theFreudianpsychoanalysishasappearedtoshowagreatinfluenceonliteraryworks.Wrightpayslotsofattentiontotheportrayingandanalyzingofthecharactermorbidpsychology.BasedontheTriplePersonalityTheoryofFreud,therearethreeelementsofone’spersonality,knownasId,egoandsuperego,whichworktogethertocreatecomplexhumanbehaviors.Thetheoryisoftenusedtoanalyzethecharacterpersonalityinliteraryworks.
ThisthesisillustratesBigger’simbalancedpersonalityandtragicfatefromtheperspectiveofFreud’sTriplePersonalityTheory.Thewholepassageconsistsofsitparts.
Ⅱ.Freud’sTriplePersonalityTheory
SigmundFreud’sTriplePersonalityTheorycontainsthreeelements:
Id,EgoandSuperegoaccordingtothecreatoroftheWesternpsychoanalysis.Therearesomanypeopleapplyingthistheorytoanalyzetheiressays.ThenIwillintroducethistheorybriefly.
2.1ThedefinitionoftheTriplePersonalityTheory
AsthefounderoftheWesternpsychoanalysis,SigmundFreudcreatedhisTriplePersonalityTheorywiththreeelementsId,EgoandSuperego.
Idistheoriginalspringofthespiritualpowerandthecollectionoftheunconsciousinstincts.Followedbytheprincipleofhappiness,Idisalsotherootofalldesires,thefoundationofone’spersonalityandthepowerofmentalprocess.Egoispsychologicalintermediarywhichhelpstoregulateandprotectindividualsandsociety.Itisexpressedbyintellectandcautiousness.Basedontheprincipleofreality,egoisthemediatorofthecontradictionbetweeninnerworldandtheoutsideworld.Furthermore,egodevelopswiththestudyingprocessandtheadaptabilityoftheenvironment.Superego,regardedasthemoralizedego,islocatedinthehighestlevelofone’spersonality.Anditisformedbytheindividual’sacceptationofthemoralitiesandregularitiesinsociallife.Insociallife,superegoformulatesthenormsofmoralities,anditsmajorfunctionsareintroducingegoandrestrictingid.Thenonecouldachievetheidealpersonality.
Freudregarded,theaimofidistopursuehappiness,thegoalofegoistopursuerealityandthepurposeofsuperegoistoachievetheperfection.Egomustsubmittheforcedrulesofsuperego,anditshouldnotonlyfindthesatisfactionsofid,butalsotakethevalueswhicharenotviolatingtherulesofsuperegointoconsideration.Ingeneral,id,egoandsuperegoarebalancedinthecoordinationofeachother,whichensurestheregulardevelopmentofone’spersonality.
2.2ThedevelopmentoftheTriplePersonalityTheory
TheTriplePersonalityTheorywascreatedbySigmundFreudattheendof19thcentury.Asamoderntrendofthought,theTriplePersonalityTheoryhasbeenspreadbroadlyinmanyfields,suchaspsychics,medicalscience,literature,pedagogic,etc.Attheverybeginning,psychoanalysiswasjustacuringmethodofthementalsickness;later,themethodwasledintothestudiesofpsychology.Anduntil1920s,psychoanalysiswasusedinthefieldsofhistory,cultureandhistory.Thus,theTriplePersonalityTheoryhasbecomeaphilosophicaltheory.
AlthoughFreudgenerallyobjectedtomodificationsofhisideaswhentheyaresuggestedbyotherpeople,heconstantlyrevisedthembyhimself.Andhekepthiscapacityforcreativeinnovationuntiltheendofhislife.Duringtheearly1920s,thelatterpartoftheWorldWarI,Freudmadeextensiveadditionsto,andrevisionsof,psychoanalytictheory.Therearethreemostimportantaspectsoftherevisions:
theyarenarcissism,thestructureofthementalapparatus,andrecognitionofthesignificationofaggressiveimpulsesinadditiontosexualones.
Actually,Freud'stheoryofpersonalityincludesthreefields,andtheyareHierarchicaltheoryofconsciousness,TheoryofpersonalitydevelopmentandTheoryofpersonalitystructure(TriplePersonalityTheory).
TheHierarchicaltheoryofconsciousnessexpoundsmentalactivities,suchasdesire,impulse,thinking,fantasy,judgment,decision,emotionandsoon.Freudbelievedthatalltheseactivitieswouldhappenindifferenthierarchies.Theyareconsciousness,preconciousnessandsubconsciousness.
TheTheoryofpersonalitydevelopmentincludesfiveperiods.Thefirstisoralstage(0to18months).Atthisstagethemouth,lipsandthetongueareemotionalareas,andbabiesinthisstageareeasytorelyonothers.Thesecondstageisanalstage(18monthsto3yearsold).Atthisstagetheerogenouszoneistheanus,andit'seasytohaveatwocharacter:
analdischargecharacterandanalsexconstipationsexcharacter.Thethirdstageisphallicstage(age3to6years).Atthisstagetheerogenouszoneingenital,andpeoplewouldappearthecharacterdifferentiation.It'seasytohaveamotherandfatherplotplot.Thefourthstageislatentstage(age6to12yearsold).Atthisstage,children’sactivityshowatrendofseparationbetweenmenandwomen.Thefifthstageisgenitalstage(adolescenttogrow).Thisstageisalsocalledthegenitalstage.Sincethen,peoplehavehadthedemandtosimilarageoftheoppositesex,andbegintohavesexuallifeandtheconsciousnessofthemarriageandfamily.Atthispoint,thedevelopmentofsexualpsychologytobecomemature.
ThethreelevelsofTriplePersona
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- 关 键 词:
- 土生子 弗洛伊德 三重人格 理论 阐述 土生 中别格 悲剧 命运
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