土木工程垃圾填埋场中英文对照外文翻译文献.docx
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土木工程垃圾填埋场中英文对照外文翻译文献.docx
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土木工程垃圾填埋场中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文资料翻译
(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)
SeveralMotivestoBringtheResearchonLandfillCapCoverstotheStandardoftheResearchersaboutBottomLiners
ABSTRACT:
Thebehaviorofthecapbarrier(andmainlythesealinglayer)inthecentralareaofalandfillwheretheslopeislow,isconsidered.Themainregulationsaboutlandfillsareconcentratedinthepresenttimeontherequirementsrelatedtothebottombarrier.Thecapbarrierhasalsoafundamentalfunction(tolimitortocontrolthehumidityoftheconfinedwaste).ItisshowninthisLecture,whichissupportedbythepresentationofsomeexperimentalresearches,thatmeetingthistargetisreallyabigchallengeandalsoanimportantecologicalchallengesincelandfillsareanimportantspringofmethane,potentgreenhousegas.Firstandforemostanin-depthresearchonthebehavioroftheconfinedwasteisnecessarytodemonstratethetechnicalinterestofgeosyntheticsolutionsandalsotodevisenewgeosyntheticsystems.
KEYWORDS:
landfill,waste,biodegradation,greenhousegas,settlement
INTRODUCTION
Firstly,it’sworthnotingthatlandfillsshouldbeconsideredasamoderntechniqueoftreatmentofwaste,whichwasmovinganddevelopingsignificantlyduringthelastdecade.Themainregulationsaboutlandfillsareconcentratedinthepresenttimeontherequirementsrelatedtothebottombarrier.Thecapbarrierhasalsoafundamentalfunction(tolimitortocontrolthehumidityoftheconfinedwaste).Tocoverwithanefficientcapbarrierawastedisposalisakeyissue.
InapreviousKeynoteLecture(Gourc,2004),theglobalproblemofstabilityofgeosyntheticscompositesystemsusedascapbarriersonsteepslopesoflandfillswereconsidered(Gourcetal,2008).
InthepresentLecture,thebehaviorofthecap(andmainlythesealingliner)inthecentralareaofalandfillisconsidered.Itisdemonstratedthatanin-depthknowledgeofthewastebehaviorisrequiredbeforetooptimizetheconceptoftheliner.Geosyntheticssolutionsareveryoftenbetterthanminerallayers;inmanycasesthesegeosyntheticssolutionshavealreadyprovedtheirworth,butnewapplicationsarestillpossible.Theapplicationofgeosyntheticstocapoverofnewlandfillsbutalsoofolduncontrolleddumpsisapromisingmarket.
CAPCOVERREQIREMENTS
TheFrenchregulationdoesnotcompletelyspecifythestructureofthecapcover(DecreeSept.1997)andrecommendonlytwoconceptsaccordingtothenatureofwaste(Fig.1):
-forMunicipalSolidWaste(MSW),withabiodegradablepart,thecovermustbeprovided“withasemi-permeablelayerinnaturalfinesoilcompactedonathicknessofatleast1meter,oranyequivalentdeviceensuringthesameeffectiveness.”
-forHazardouswaste,itmustbeprovided“withanimpermeablelayerof1metercharacterizedbyanhydraulicconductivitylowerthan1.10-9m/sassociatedatageomembraneoranyequivalentdevice.”
Indeedthisregulationdoesnotmeetthemanyconcernsrelatedtothebehaviorofalandfillcapcoverundercomplexsolicitations.
STORAGEOFHAZARDOUSWASTE
Landfillforthistypeofwasteincludesgenerally,followingregulationsinmanycountries,acapcoverwithacompactedclayliner(CCL).Imperviousnessofclayisessentialtosafeguardthehazardouswastesagainstwetting,inordertopreventleachingandwashingofthewasteandconsequentlypossiblepollutionofthegroundwaterincaseoffilingofthebottombarrier.HowevertheCCLmeetsmanyproblems,inparticularthoserelatedtoitsmechanicalsolicitationsafterclosingthecell,specificallydifferentialsettlements.
SomeexperiencescarriedoutinFrancewhichdemonstratethesensitivityofCCLtocrackingincaseofbendingsolicitationarepresented:
Behaviorofaclaylayersubjectedtoasinkholesituation.
Testprocedure
TheexperimentswereperformedontheCEREDsite(Suez)(Fig.2)onclaymaterialwithalargeproportionofcoarsesoil(materialconventionallyusedinFranceforwastelandfillsites).
TheCCL(Aupiconetal,2002)iscompactedonacavityof(2m×2m)filledwithexpandedclaybeads.Inasecondstage,theclaybeadsareremoved,simulatingaconcentratedsubsidenceofthewaste.Thisconditionisspecificallyseverebutmaycorrespondtorealisticsituationforinstanceincaseofinternalcollapsingorburningofapieceofwaste.
Twoconditionswereconsidered:
-Thefirstonewasalayerofunreinforcedclay,thicknessHreducedto0.6m,aboveasinkholewithaspanofalengthLof2meters.
-Thesecondonewasalayerofthesameclay,thicknessHreducedto0.6m,reinforcedatthebasebyageosyntheticsheet,(Fig.2).Thetensilestiffnessofthesyntheticsheet(overalllengthof8m)isJ=1818kN/m.Theanchorageofthesheet(freeends)isobtainedbyfriction(noslidingobservedattheedges).
Theverticaldeflection(f)isrecordedateverystageoftheexperience.
Layerofreinforcedclay
Duringthefirststep(theprocessofemptyingofthecavity),adetachingisobservedbetweentheloweranduppersub-layersofclay,revealingcracksinclinedtowardstheedgesofthecavity(Fig.2and3)correspondingtothecompactionintwostages.Thepoorinterlockingbetweentwocompactedlayersisaclassicalfaultanditwasfinallyinterestingevenifitwasunintentional.Consequentlythelowersub-layerbehavedindependentlylikea0.3mlayersubjectedtobendingunderitsownweight.Thegeotextilefollowedthedeformationofthelowersub-layerbutwasnotverysollicitated:
themaximumverticaldisplacementofthelowersub-layerbeingstillsmall(f=10mm).Theuppersub-layerdidnotdeformsignificantlyunderitsownweightanditcouldbeconsideredthatwaterandgastightnesswerekeptsatisfactoryforthislayer.
Inasecondstep,anoverloadwasputatthesurfaceinordertoincreasethebendingdeformationofthestructure(Fig.4).Finallyasitwasimpossibletoobtainashorttermcollapseofthestructure,thelongtermdeflectionwasmonitoredunderaconstantoverload(q)forseveralmonths.Anincreaseinverticaldeflection(creep+anchorageslip)oftheclayandgeosyntheticlinerwasobserved.Theevolutionoftheverticaldeflectionduringthecompleteexperienceversusthetotalverticalloadappliedtothegeotextile(Q=ownweightoftheclaylayer+overloadq)isplottedonthe(Fig.5)。
Layerofunreinforcedclay
Theinitialobservationmadeonthefrontoftheunreinforcedearthworkrevealedanetworkofcrackssimilartothatobservedinthereinforcedearthwork.Thehorizontalcrackduetointerlayerdetachmentsplittheearthworkintotwosub-layersabout0.3and0.7mthick.
Whileemptyingtheexpandedclaybeadswecouldobservethegradualsubsidenceofblocksofthelowersub-layerby0.3mwhichfinallyafterafirstoverloadingwasdroppinginthecavity.
Theevolutionofthedeflectionversustheload(Q)andtheelapsedtimeisplottedontheFig.7.Duetothedetachmentofthelowersub-layer,onlythedeflectionatthebottomoftheuppersub-layercanbemonitored.It’sworthnotingthat,attheintermediatestageofunloadingonthefigure6,severalcracksinitiateintheuppersub-layer.
Thispreliminaryexperience,althoughsereveandschematic,demonstrates:
-thepoorductilityofclaymaterial,evenifcompactedatawatercontentfarhigherthantheWopt
-theefficiencyofgeosynthetictostopadramaticcollapsingiftheclaybarrier,butnotsufficienttopreventitscrackingevenifthestiffnessoftheselectedgeosyntheticcanbeconsideredinthehighrange.
Behaviorofcapcoverfornuclearwasteoflowactivity
Thesafestorageofnuclearwasteisabigissue.Fornuclearwasteoflowactivity,it’sconsideredasacceptabletoselectasurfacestorage,ontheconditionthattheintegrityofthecapovercouldbeguaranteeduntil300years.Theradioactivematerialispackagedinparcelsofdifferentshapesandgenerallyofaunitvolumehigherthanseveralm³.Thespacebetweentheparcelsisfilledwithsand.It’simportanttomaintainthewasteinadryconditiontoavoidaleachingprocess.
TwolandfillofthistypeareexistinginFrance,LaHaguewhichwasclosedin1991andSoulaineswhichwasopenin2006andtheexperiencerelatedtothecapcoverforthesetwositesisrelatedhere.
LaHaguelandfill17yearsold
Thespecificshapeofthecoverwasselectedinordertoobtainanefficientcollectionofrun-offwater.Thecompletecansystemconsist,fromthebottomtothetop,ofacoarseaggregatelayer(0.6mthick),asandlayer(0.2m),abituminousgeomembrane,asanddrain(0.3m),abiologicalbarrierofcoarseaggregate(1m)andatopsoil(0.2m)(Fig.8).Thegeomembranehasamassperunitarea(6㎏/㎡),atensilestrengthof20kN/mforanelongation(40%).Theseamsaremadeonsitebyweldingwithanoverlapof0.20m.
After17years,globalbehaviorofthebarrieriscorrectexceptmainlyinonepartwhereadifferentialsettlementwasobserved.
Soulainesnewlandfill:
Thestructureofthecapbarrierisfollowingthespecificregulationforhazardouswastewhichincludesaclaylayerof1meterthickaboveageomembrane(Fig.9)
Wasteisstoredinblocksofvariableshape,intheformonbigbags,tanksandbarrelsandspacesbetweenblocksarefilledwithsand.Duetothistypeofstorageandprevalenceofvoidswhich,settlementswithinwastearelikelytooccurasinthepreviouscase.Thecharacteristicsoftheclayarepresentedinthetable1:
FieldtestprocedurefortheSoulainesexperience
Theinfluenceofdifferentialsettlementswithinthewastemassonthecapcovercanbemodelledbysubmittingaclaylayertobendingstress(JessbergerandStone,1991;ViswanadhamandSengupta,2005).Intheframeworkofthepresentpaperonlyburstingtes
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