高考英语总复习 第一部分 基础考点聚焦 综合过关检测八新人教版选修8.docx
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高考英语总复习 第一部分 基础考点聚焦 综合过关检测八新人教版选修8.docx
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高考英语总复习第一部分基础考点聚焦综合过关检测八新人教版选修8
综合过关检测(八)
(时间:
100分钟 满分:
120分)
第Ⅰ卷
第一部分 阅读理解
[共两节,满分40分]
第一节(共15小题;每小题2分,满分30分)
阅读下列短文,从每题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中,选出最佳选项。
A
(2016·威海检测)BarbaraMcClintockwasoneofthemostimportantscientistsofthe20thcentury.Shemadeimportantdiscoveriesaboutgenesandchromosomes(染色体)。
BarbaraMcClintockwasbornin1902inHartford,Connecticut.HerfamilymovedtotheBrooklynareaofNewYorkCityin1908.Barbarawasanactivechildwithinterestsinsportsandmusic.Shealsodevelopedaninterestinscience.
ShestudiedscienceatCornellUniversityinIthaca,NewYork.Barbarawasamongasmallnumberofundergraduatestudentstoreceivetrainingingeneticsin1921.Yearslater,shenotedthatfewcollegestudentswantedtostudygenetics.
BarbaraMcClintockdecidedtostudybotany,thescientificstudyofplants,atCornellUniversity.Shecompletedherundergraduatestudiesin1923.McClintockdecidedtocontinuehereducationatCornell.Shecompletedthemaster’sdegreein1925.Twoyearslater,shefinishedallherrequirementsforthedoctoratedegree.
McClintockstayedatCornellaftershecompletedhereducation.Shetaughtstudentsbotany.The1930swasnotagoodtimetobeayoungscientistintheUnitedStates.Thecountrywasinthemiddleofthegreateconomicdepression.MillionsofAmericanswereunemployed.Malescientistswereofferedjobs.Butfemalegeneticistswerenotmuchindemand.
AnoldfriendfromCornell,MarcusRhoades,invitedMcClintocktospendthesummerof1941workingattheColdSpringHarborLaboratory.ItisaresearchcenteronLongIsland,nearNewYorkCity.McClintockstartedatemporaryjobwiththegeneticsdepartment.Ashorttimelater,sheacceptedaperpetualpositioninthelaboratoryandgotcontinualincomes.Thisgaveherthefreedomtocontinueherresearchwithoutrepeatedlyaskingforfinancialaid.
Bythe1970s,herdiscoverieshadhadaneffectoneverythingfromgeneticengineeringtocancerresearch.McClintockwontheNobelPrizeforPhysiologyorMedicinein1983forherdiscoveryoftheabilityofgenestochangepositionsonchromosomes.ShewasthefirstAmericanwomantowinanunsharedNobelPrize.
【解题导语】 本文主要讲述了著名女科学家BarbaraMcClintock的经历以及她在基因和染色体研究方面取得的重大成就。
1.WhywasMcClintockawardedaNobelPrize?
A.Becauseshereceivedadegreeingenesandchromosomes.
B.Becauseshecontributedtothedevelopmentofgeneticengineeringandcancerresearch.
C.Becauseshemadeimportantdiscoveriesaboutgenesandchromosomes.
D.BecauseshewasthefirstAmericanwomanthatstudiedgenesandchromosomes.
C 解析:
细节理解题。
根据第一段的第二句和最后一段的第二句可知,BarbaraMcClintock在基因与染色体方面的研究发现让她获得了诺贝尔奖。
故选C。
2.WhendidMcClintockgetadoctoratedegree?
A.In1921.B.In1923.C.In1925.D.In1927
D 解析:
推理判断题。
根据第四段的最后两句可知,BarbaraMcClintock在1925年取得了硕士学位,两年之后,她取得了博士学位。
故可推知,BarbaraMcClintock在1927年取得了博士学位。
3.InthemiddleofthegreateconomicdepressionintheUS,________.
A.youngfemalescientistsmighthavetroublefindingajob
B.malescientistswereingreatdemand
C.femalegeneticistswerenotindemandatall
D.malescientistswereoutofwork
A 解析:
推理判断题。
根据第五段最后两句可知,男科学家能找到工作,但是女性遗传学家的需求量不大。
由此可推知,年轻的女科学家在经济大萧条时期找工作可能会面临困难。
4.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“perpetual”inParagraph6mean?
A.Permanent.B.Difficult.
C.Useful.D.Complex.
A 解析:
词义猜测题。
根据画线词后面的“gotcontinualincomes”以及“Thisgaveherthefreedomtocontinueherresearchwithoutrepeatedlyaskingforfinancialaid.”可知,这份工作可以让她得到持续的收入,并且能让她继续她的研究,而不必不断地去请求经济上的帮助,由此可推断,这个工作是“永久的”。
故选A。
B
(2016·南师附中等四校联考)Arrivinglateatafriend’swedding,Iwriggledmywaythroughthecrowdtocongratulatehimandhislove.Wavingathimoveranumberofheads,Ioverheardthenewbridesay:
“I’vegotit!
”Turning,Isawher,showingthegoldenringinthemannerofahunterwavingahuntedanimal.
Thisideaofmarriageasavictorywasalientome.ThefirstchildofafamilysodepressivethatIlefthomeat16,Ihadcometoregardmarriageasaboxinwhichwomenwerekept.Yes,Ihadbeenconditionedbythesamefairytalesandtheirprejudicedviewofawoman’slife—onethatendsatherwedding—butIhadalsoseenwhatcanhappenafterawedding.Love,Idecided,wassafeonlywhenexperiencedatadistance.
Intermsofsuffering,myexperiencewasnotunusual.Thelatterhalfofthe20thcenturyforeverchangedthelandscapeofmarriage.Contraception(避孕),easeoftravel,thedomesticincorporationofscreenbasedtechnologies(television,computers),andpracticeofnofaultdivorcesweresomeofthefactorsthatchangedpeople’sexpectationsofeachotherandthemselves.
Inthefollowingunrest,thecommunitiesthathadhelpedmarriagesintimesofdifficultybrokedown.Womenwhohadonceformedsupportivesocialnetworkstohelpeachotherwiththeirchildrenwerenowinofficesformostoftheday;theirchildrenwereenrolledindaycareandtheagedplacedinhomes.Thesenseofliberationwasmatchedonlybyalienation.Prioritieshadshiftedfromthehumantothematerial.
Allaroundme,marriageswereswellinganddisintegrating,likepaperinwater.
Therewasalsotheawarenessthatwewerepartofsomethinggreaterthanourselves.Legallyandsocially,marriageprovideduswithaframework.Andyetitisstillconsideredasnomorethan“apieceofpaper”.Butmarriageisnotaboutreligionorgender;itisacommitmentandasocialstabilizer.
Thefactthatmarriagesurvivedthe20thcenturyisatestamenttofaith—inourselves,inothers,andintherelevanceofdevotion.Forintheend,everymarriagestandsorfallsonthecapacityfordevotion.Anditishardtoremaindedicatedtoanideal.TherearedayswhenIwouldhappilytrademyhusbandforanAlexanderMcQueenbag.AndthentherearedaysIthinkofhimasmywitness,mypartner,thedoortojoy.Marriageisneverunchanging.
【解题导语】 本文是一篇议论文。
作者在文章中论述了目前的婚姻的特征及自己对婚姻的看法。
5.Whatisthecostofthesenseofliberationaccordingtothepassage?
A.Theprecioustimewithfamilies.
B.Theexcitementofmarriage.
C.Theachievementsincareers.
D.Theenjoymentofpursuingmoney.
A 解析:
细节理解题。
从第四段中的“Womenwhohadonceformed...placedinhomes.Thesenseofliberationwasmatchedonlybyalienation.Prioritieshadshiftedfromthehumantothematerial.”可知,曾经彼此间互相帮忙照看孩子的妇女们如今大部分时间都在上班,她们不再受家务活羁绊,然而她们付出的代价是跟家里人相处的时间越来越少了。
故答案选A项。
6.WhichofthefollowingisNOTthefactorthatchangedthelandscapeofmarriage?
A.Womenhadtogoouttowork.
B.Nofaultdivorceswerewidelypracticed.
C.Peoplecouldtravelaroundastheyliked.
D.ManypeopledidnothavetimetowatchTV.
D 解析:
细节理解题。
从第三段中的“Thelatterhalfofthe20thcenturyforeverchangedthelandscapeofmarriage.Contraception(避孕),easeoftravel,thedomesticincorporationofscreenbasedtechnologies(television,computers),andpracticeofnofaultdivorces”可知,D项不属于其中的原因。
故答案选D项。
7.Whatistheauthor’sopinionofmarriage?
A.Marriageisnotapromiseandcannotkeepsocialstability.
B.Mutualfaithdetermineswhetherthemarriagesucceedsornot.
C.Marriageisaboxwhichkeepsbothmenandwomenfromescaping.
D.Marriageisarelationshipbetweenmenandwomenwhichisunaffectedbysurroundings.
B 解析:
推理判断题。
从倒数第二段中的“Butmarriageisnotaboutreligionorgender;itisacommitmentandasocialstabilizer”和最后一段的内容可知,作者信赖她的丈夫,作者认为只有彼此间的信任才能让婚姻走得更远。
故答案选B项。
C
(2016·南通调研)Everyoneisfamiliarwithwhitefat,whichservesasanenergywarehouse.Manymammalsalsohavebrownfat,whichhastheuniqueabilitytoproduceheat.
Brownfatissometimesmistakenforatypeofgland(腺),whichitresemblesmorethanwhitefat.Itvariesincolorfromdarkredtotan.Whentheanimalisexposedtoacoldenvironment,thecolordarkens.Incontrasttowhitefat,brownfathasnumerousnerveswhichprovidesympatheticstimulation(刺激)tothefatcells.
Brownfatismostnoticeableinnewbornanimals,wrappedroundthecentralorganstokeepthemwarm.Inhumaninfantsitoccupiesupto5%ofbodyweight,thendeclinesgradually.Certainquantitiesofbrownfatcanbediscoveredinadulthumans,especiallywhentheyareexposedtocoldtemperatures.Mostofbrownfatinadultsislocatedinthelowerneck.
Exposuretocoldleadstosympatheticstimulationofbrownfatcells.Asinwhitefat,sympatheticstimulationpromoteshydrolysis(水解)oftriglyceride(甘油三酸酯),withreleaseoffattyacids.Incontrasttoothercells,includingwhitefatcells,brownfatcellsexpressUCP1,whichgivesthecell’smitochondria(线粒体)anabilitytoproduceheatratherthanATP.Withinbrownfatcells,mostfattyacidsareimmediatelycombinedwithoxygeninmitochondriaandalargeamountofheatisproduced.
Thereisonlyabout50gofbrownfatintheneckregionanditswitchesonandoffthroughoutthedayasit’sexposedtodifferenttemperaturesorifyouexerciseoreat.Butthiscapacityismuchgreaterinyoungchildrencomparedwithadolescentsandadults.
Thechallengeisnowtousetheknowledgetofindoutwhatmightswitchonbrownfat.Ifitisswitchedon,wecanbenefitfromit.Brownfatproduceslotsofheatbyburningcalories.Unlikewhitefat,brownfatdoesnotexpandourageingwaistlines.Andthat’swhytheraceisontofindoutmoreaboutbrownfat,andhowhumanscoulduseittoouradvantage,thoughwewouldwasteenergyunnecessarily,andwewouldsweatalotandforeverbeopeningwindows.
【解题导语】 本文主要讲了褐色脂肪的重要作用。
人们正在研究如何有效地利用它造福人类。
8.Whichistheuniquefactorofbrownfatproducingheat?
A.Fattyacids.B.Triglyceride.
C.UCP1.D.ATP.
C 解析:
细节理解题。
根据第四段对脂肪的分析和本段第三句话“...expressUCP1,whichgivesthecell’smitochondria(线粒体)anabilitytoproduceheatratherthanATP.”可知在四个选项中只有C选项与题目相符。
9.Wecanlearnfromthepassagethatbrownfat________.
A.becomeslessinamountwithage
B.provesles
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