经济管理专业外文翻译建立一个社区信息系统的设计理论.docx
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经济管理专业外文翻译建立一个社区信息系统的设计理论.docx
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经济管理专业外文翻译建立一个社区信息系统的设计理论
外文原文:
TowardsaDesignTheoryforCommunityInformationSystems
Abstract
Virtualcommunitiesarecomplexandevolvingsocio-technicalsystems.Thedesignofcommunityinformationsystemsrequiresmuchtheoreticalresearchtosolvedesignproblems.Adesigntheoryisaprescriptivetheorywhichhelpsoptimizedesignmethods.CommunityISdesigntheoryisstillveryyoungandfragmented,however.Inthedesigntheorydevelopmentprocess,amixoftheorycomponentsisusedtosolvenovelproblemsorexistingproblemsmoreeffectivelyandefficiently.Wepresentameta-modelofISdevelopmentwhichfocusesontheroleoftheoryinISdesign.Weshowhowsimulationviasystemdynamicscouldplayanimportantroleinamoresystematicdevelopmentofdesigntheoryforcommunityinformationsystems.
Introduction
Virtualcommunitiesarecomplexandevolvingsocio-technicalsystems.Communitiesarenotjustaggregatesofpeople,temporarilyinteracting.Theyhavebeendefinedasgroupsofpeoplewhosharesocialinteractions,socialties,andacommonspace.Avirtualcommunitydiffersfromothercommunitiesinthatitscommonspaceiscyberspace.Virtualcommunitiesthereforedescribetheunionbetweenindividualsororganizationswhosharecommonvaluesandinterestsusingelectronicmediatocommunicatewithinasharedsemanticspaceonaregularbasis.
Muchresearchononlinecommunitieshasfocusedoncommunitycharacteristicslikesuccessfactors,drivers,roles,andsocialnorms.Otherresearchexaminestheroleofspecifictechnologies,forexample,theimpactofspecifictechnologiesoncommunityperformance.Yetanothermajorstreamofresearchstudiestheprocessoftechnologyadoptionbycommunities,andwhathappensincaseofalackoftechnologies,suchasproblemswithrespecttoeffectiveuseandtheDigitalDivide.
Whatmuchofthisresearchhasincommonisthatitstudiespartialaspectsofthesocio-technicalsystemsthatvirtualcommunitiesare.Anotherimportantlineofresearch,however,concernstheprocessinwhichtheinformationsystemsofvirtualcommunitiescanbedeveloped.Inthisdevelopmentprocess,amixoftechnologiesistailoredtotheuniqueneedsofaparticularonlinecommunity.SomekeyapproachesaddressingthisproblemareWengerapproachtocultivatingcommunitiesofpracticeandProceedmethodforcommunity-centereddevelopment.Still,systematicmethodsforcommunityinformationsystemsdevelopmentsolidlygroundedintheoryarerareandonlypremature.
ISDesignTheories
Informationsystemsaremorethanjustarbitrarysetsofhardware,software,anddata.Theyaresystemscomposedoutoftheseelementswhosemissionitistoimprovetheperformanceofpeopleinorganizationsthroughtheuseofinformationtechnology.Typically,systemsaredevelopedinanumberofstages.Therearemanydifferentsubdivisionsofthesystemsdevelopmentprocess.Onewidelyacceptedinterpretationoftwoofitskeystagesisthefollowing:
systemsanalysisistheprocessofcollecting,organizing,andanalyzingfactsaboutaparticularISandtheenvironmentinwhichitoperates.Systemsdesignthenistheconception,generationandformationofanewsystem,usingtheanalysisresults.Frequently,thereisanoverlapbetweenthetwostages,butoverall,theanalysisstagefocusesonwhattheinformationsystemmustdo,andthedesignstageonhowthesystemwilldoit.
Thepurposeofadesigntheoryistosupporttheachievementofgoals,contrarytoanaturalsciencetheory.Wallsgiveagoodintroductiontodesigntheoriesforinformationsystems.Theyshowhowexplanatory,predictive,ornormativetheoriescanbeputtopracticaluse.Intheirview,designneedstobeseenbothasaprocessandasaproduct.Fromaproduct-perspective,adesigntheoryconsistsofseveralcomponents:
meta-requirements,describingtheclassofgoalstowhichthetheoryapplies;meta-design,aclassofartifactshypothesizedtomeetthemeta-requirements;kerneltheoriesgoverningdesignrequirements;andtestabledesignproducthypotheses,tocheckwhetherthemeta-designsatisfiesthemeta-requirements.
Fromaprocess-perspective,thecomponentsareadesignmethoddescribingproceduresforartifactconstruction;kerneltheoriesgoverningthedesignprocess;andtestabledesignprocesshypotheses,tocheckwhetherornotthedesignmethodresultsinanartifactconsistentwiththemeta-design.HevnerpresentarelatedviewonISdesigntheories.Intheirinformationsystemsresearchframework,designscience(appliedtoaddressnovelorganizationalproblems)createsandevaluatesITartifactsintendedtosolvetheidentifiedproblems.ISresearchisinfluencedbytheEnvironmentofuse(people,organizations,andtechnology),aswellasbyaKnowledgeBaseoftheoreticalcomponentsconsistingof“Foundations”and“Methodologies”.TobuildISrelevanttotheenvironment,applicableknowledgefromtheKnowledgeBasemustbeappliedinthebuildingofartifactsthatarepartoftheIS.Theseartifacts,puttouse,mustthenbeevaluatedaccordingtotheutilitycriterionofhowwelltheymeetthebusinessneedsoftheusers.Iftheinterventionhasproventobesuccessful,theknowledgethataparticularfoundational/methodologicalcomponent
wasusefulinthedesignofaparticularartifactforthisparticularcontext,canbeaddedtotheknowledgebase.Intheirview,acleardistinctionthereforemustbemadebetween“routinedesign”and“designscienceresearch”inwhichunsolveddesignproblemsareaddressedininnovativeways,orsolvedproblemsinmoreeffectiveandefficientways.
ISDevelopment
AttheheartofourISdesigntheorydevelopmentaretheoreticalcomponents,whichcompriseeveryconceptualormethodologicalelementthatcancontributetosolvingadesignproblem.Designtheorydevelopmentstartswhenrequirementsanalysisestablishestheneedforaddressingdesignproblemsinanovelormoreeffective/efficientway.Outoftheknowledgebaseofdesigntheorycomponents,thesystemsdeveloperselectsthosecomponentsthataremostlikely(i.e.havethehighestvalidity)tohelpsolvetheproblem.Tocapturetherationaleforthisdecision,thedesignerformulatesoneormoredesignhypothesesinwhichisstatedhowthetheorycomponentcouldcontributetotheresolutionoftheproblem.Afterimplementingandusingthesystem,theinformationsystemutilityisevaluated.Differentperformancecriteriacanbeusedforthis,dependingontheusers’preferences.Now,thedesignhypothesescanbetested.Thisisanon-trivialprocessinwhichthedesigneraimstoassesstheextenttowhichparticulartheorycomponentshavecontributedtothesystem’sperformance.Basedonthisassessment,thevalidityofthetheorycomponentsforaddressingdesignproblemsofthisparticulartypewillbeadjustedandaddedtothedesigntheoryknowledgebase.
Theideaoftheoreticalcomponentshavingavalidityrequiressomeelaboration.Whatwemeanbythisisthattheoreticalcomponentshaveassociatedwiththemasetofhypotheses.IfthenumberoftestedhypothesesindicatingapositivecorrelationbetweenthetheorycomponentandISperformanceincreases,thenwesaytheoverallvalidityofthetheorycomponentincreases.Iftherearenoorconflictingtestresults,thevaliditydecreases.Forexample,iftimeandagainitturnsoutthatusingatechnicalfacilitatortosupportusersintheiruseofcomplexelectronicmeetingroomsoftwareincreasesperformancedramatically,thenthecontinuouslyconfirmedhypothesis“usingafacilitatorincreasestheeffectivenessofmeetingroomsoftware”increasesthevalidityofthetheoreticalcomponent“heuristic:
technicalfacilitatorsshouldbeusedtofacilitateelectronicmeetingroomdiscussions”.Notethatmanytheoreticalcomponentswillbeintheformofhypothesesthemselves,althoughnotnecessarilyso.Forinstance,techniquesarealsotheoreticalcomponents,butnotinhypotheticalform.However,aboutwhetherthistechniquesolvesparticulardesignproblems,manyhypothesescanbeformulatedandtested.
CommunityISDesign
CommunityISareaspecialclassofinformationsystems,bothintermsoftheartifactsandthemethodologiesused.Interestingcommunity-specifictheoreticalcomponentsabound.Anexampleofaconceptualcomponentistheconceptofsociability.Examplesofamethodologicalcomponentarenumerousdesignheuristics,e.g.ontheroleoffacilitationinbuildingonlinecommunities.Thesetheoreticalcomponentsarenecessaryandusefulfordesignpurposes.Still,whichcomponentstouseforwhichtypesofcommunitydesignproblems,andwhatinteractioneffectsoccurwhencombiningtheoreticalcomponents,islargelyunknown.
ThereareseveralreasonsforthisstateoffragmentationincommunityISdesignresearch.Thefieldisstillveryyoung,evenyoungerthantheISfieldingeneral.Furthermore,becauseofculturaldifferences,thereislargegapbetweentheoristsandpractitionersinthisdomain.Oftenrightlyso,practitionersworkingwithandincommunitieshaveasenseofhostilitytowardsthemanyresearchersstillpresentingquicktechnologicalfixesforverycomplexsocialproblems.Athird,morefundamentalproblem,hastodowiththenatureofcommunityIS,which,ofalltypesofISdevelopmentprobablymostrequiresasystemicandlongitudinalapproach.
Muchresearchononlinecommunitiessofarhasfocusedonstudyingtechnologicalfunctionalities;thelinguisticandactionbehaviorsofcommunitymembersandthesocialnetworksinwhichtheyoperate;andthedriversforcooperationandparticipationinvirtualcommunities.However,truecommunityinformationsystemsdevelopmentrequiresacarefulstudyofthecontinuousprocessofco-evolvingcomplexs
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- 经济管理 专业 外文 翻译 建立 一个 社区 信息系统 设计 理论