考研英语.docx
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考研英语.docx
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考研英语
1.我们缘何剥夺孩子们的睡眠?
『尽管有许多的科学研究表明,增加孩子们的睡眠时间有助于他们大脑的发育,但调整孩子们作息的行动却迟迟未执行。
这背后有何难言之隐?
长此以往又会对孩子们造成何种影响?
怎样才能缓解这其中的种种影响?
』
WhyAreWeDeprivingOurTeensofSleep?
我们缘何剥夺孩子们的睡眠?
Daylightisatapremiumthesedays,andifyourfamilyisanythinglikeours,
yourteenagersarehavingahardtimegettingoutofbedinthemorning.“Delayedsleepphase”iswhataffectsthem:
themaddeningshiftincircadianrhythmsthat
causesadolescentstofallasleepandawakeatever-laterhours.Adolescentsneedanaverageof9.25hoursofsleeppernighttosupporttheirdevelopingbrains,
whichareexplodingatarateakintoinfancy.Butwetreataccesstosleepasifitwereanillegaldrug,commonlyrequiringteenstostartschoolat7:
00a.m.orearlier.
Thisputsstudentsataseriousdisadvantage.Numerousstudiesshowthatlater
starttimesareassociatedwithlowerratesofobesity,fewercaraccidentsand
lowerdrop-outrates,aswellasimprovedacademicperformance.Inonestudy,shiftingthestarttimefrom7:
20to8:
40a.m.significantlyreduceddepression
aswell.Afewdistrictshaveshiftedstarttimessuccessfully,sowhyhasn’tthepracticebeenadoptedmorewidelydespiteoverwhelmingscientificevidence?
Thereareallsortoflogisticalexcuses:
delayingstarttimesmeansparentsmightnotbeabletogettoworkasearly;busscheduleswouldhavetobeshifted;
alaterschooldaywouldinterferewithsportsgamesandpractices;teenagerswouldgethomefromschoollater,whichwouldreducefamilytime.
Butourinabilitytochangestarttimesisalsoillustrativeofalargerpatternofneglectingthewellbeingandpotentialofouryoungpeople.Weknow,forexample,
thatplaytimeandmusicincreasecognitivedevelopment;yetschoolsystemsnationwidehavedramaticallyslashedbudgetsforthosecriticalactivities.Weknow
thatchildrenaresickenedbyjunkfood;yetwepeddleunhealthysnacksinschoolcafeterias—andCongressjustvoteddownproposedchangestotheschoollunch
programthatwouldrequireincludingfruitsandgreenvegetables.WeknowthatAmericanteachersarepoorlypaidandsupervisedcomparedtoteachersinmanyothercountries;yetteacher-blamingisafavoritepastime.
Onthesleepissue,likesomanythingsrelatedtochildren,adultsoftenassume
thatthereareimpossibletradeoffs:
ifwe“coddle”studentsbygivingthemadequatesleep,theymightlosetheircompetitiveedge.Perhapsthisiswhy,when
anonlinepetitionwasrecentlylaunchedontheWhiteHousewebsiterequestingfederalactiontodelaystarttimesforteenagers,itdidn’tmeetthethresholdof5,000signaturestomeritanofficialresponse.
Makingtheswitchwouldrequirecollectiveaction:
we’dallhavetomaketheswitchtogether.Untilthelate1960’s,thepeopleofSwedenalldroveontheleftsideoftheroad,liketheydoinEnglandtoday.Then,oneday,overnight,alltheroad
signsinSwedenwerechanged,andeveryone—together—starteddrivingonthe
rightsideoftheroad.Therewereveryfewaccidentsandmanybenefits.Anymajorchangeinthesocialstatusquoishard,butitisnotimpossible,anditoftenneedstobedramatic.(497words)
2.低碳计划之碳收集及储存技术
『碳收集及储存技术是实施全球低碳计划的一项很好的技术,它的发展势头很好,目前有很多相关项目正在进行,但是它也遇到了很多阻碍。
』
Deepstorage
低碳计划之碳收集及储存技术
INthepushtotackleclimatechange,mostattentionisdevotedtoditchingfossilfuelsfor
low-carbonpowersources.Butthefighthasanotherprong:
strippingcarbondioxideoutofthesmokestacksofpowerplantsandotherfactoriesandstoringitsafelyunderground.Thedistinct
partsofthisprocess,knownascarboncaptureandstorage(CCS),arealreadyinoperation.Butnoonehasyetjoinedthemtogetheronanindustrialscale.Soitwasablowwhenthegovernment
recentlyscrappedplanstobuildthecountry’sfirstCCSunitattheLongannetcoal-firedpowerstationinScotland,claimingitcosttoomuch.
Theprospectisappealing.InBritain,72%ofelectricityisgeneratedfromgasandcoal;ChinaandAmericaareevenmorereliantonfossilfuels.Findingawaytoremove90%ofthecarbon,as
CCSpromisesto,wouldbeagiantleaptowardscuttingglobalemissions.AndBritainisapromisinglocation.Itsgeologyisideallysuitedtostoringcarbondioxide—indepletedoil-and-gasfieldsintheNorthSea,aswellasinsalineaquifers,deepporousrocksfullofsaltywater.
Commercialopportunitiesmightfollow:
BritaincouldimportwastegasfromnorthernEurope,wherepilotCCSprojectshavestumbledbecauseofoppositiontoonshorestores.Thereisa
potentialexportmarketforthetechnology:
theInternationalEnergyAgencyreckons850projectswillbeneededgloballyby2030.
Longannetwasthelastprojectstandingfromagovernment-fundedcompetitionlaunchedin
2007tobuildaBritishcapturefacility.Theconsortiumbehindit,comprisingScottishPower,NationalGridandShell,saysitsengineeringdesignshowsCCSisnowtechnicallyfeasible.Butbuildingtheplantwouldcostupto£1.5billion,theconsortiumpredicted.Thisdidn’tcover
operatingcosts—around£2billionover15years—orthepriceofstoringCO2.Sincetheschemeovershotthegovernment’s£1billionbudget,itpulledtheplug.
Criticssaytheideaofputtingawhizzynewpieceofkitona40-year-oldpowerstationwas
alwaysdaft,andthatthepilotshouldbeatanewercoal-orgas-firedplant.ThebusinesscaseforLongannethascertainlyworsenedrecently.Ofallfossilfuels,coalhasbeenhithardestbytwonewpiecesoflegislation.Acarbonfloorprice,announcedinlate2010,makesdirty
coal-generationmoreexpensive.AndtheEuropeanIndustrialEmissionsDirective,agreedinJune2009,meansoldbelcherslikeLongannetwouldanywayhavetomakepriceymodernisationsby2020.
Still,anyfirstgoatsuchanunproventechnologywouldbeexpensiveandhardtocostprecisely,saysStuartHaszeldineofEdinburghUniversity:
“Youcan’tjustrockupatasupermarketand
buyaCCSproject.”Thegovernmentisnowinvitinganewroundofpilotproposals,butitneedstoensurethatitdoesnotrepeatthedrawn-outdebacleofLongannet.Thatmeansaddressinga
concernraisedlastyearinagovernment-commissionedreport.Thiswarnedthatdevelopingstoragesites“maybeanuncertain,time-consuming,costlyandriskybusinessopportunity”
whichmayrequirefinancingpriorto,anddistinctfrom,anypilotcapturescheme.Industryisalso
unlikelytoinvestspeculativelyonthepipelineinfrastructureneededtotransportCO2.
Ministersneedstogetamoveon.Aquarterofthecountry’sgeneratingcapacityisduetocomeofflinewithinadecade.Andsincecapturingcarbonitselfusesalotofenergy—25-30%ofaplant’sgeneration,bymostestimates—ifCCStechnologyiswidelydeployedthenBritainwillneedevenmoreofit.Thetechnologymayyethaveafuture—ifthegovernmentispreparedtoputalittlemoreofitsmoneywhereitscarbonis.(605words)
3.智利铜业并购英美资源在智资产引纷争
Goodcopperbadcopper
智利铜业并购英美资源在智资产引纷争
Nov21th,2011|FromtheEconomist
CHILEANbusinesshashistoricallybeenacosy,clubbyworld,wheredealsaresealedwitha
handshakeinsocialsettings.However,nowthatthepriceofcopper,thecountry’schiefexport,hasreachedrecordhighs,Chileisgettingatasteofpropercorporatedrama.
Theminingindustryhasboomedinrecentdecadesunderahybridstructure,inwhichCodelco,thestatecoppercompany,competeswithprivatefirms.CodelcohiredDiegoHernández,aformerBHPBillitonexecutive,asitsCEOprimarilytooverseeanexpansionstrategy.
Theeasiestwaytogrowisbyacquisition,andnoacquisitionwouldbeeasiertocompletethantakingastakeintheSurprojectownedbyAngloAmerican,aBritishconglomerate.Itconsistsoftwomines,asmelter,andtworecentlydiscoveredcopperdepositsinthemountainsnorth-eastofSantiago,thecapital,whichAngloestimatescontain2.1billiontonnesofore.Ifconfirmed,thatwouldincreasethecompany’sreservesbyhalf.ThedepositslieinavalleyadjacenttoAndina,aCodelcominethatisalreadybeingexpanded.
In1978Codelcoacquiredanoptiontobuyupto49%ofSurduringaone-monthwindowinJanuaryeverythreeyears.Itsnextopportunityfallsin2012.Lastmonththecompanyannounceditwouldexercisetheoption.Itscontractcontainsaformulaforcalculatingtheprice,whichisbasedinpartonSur’sprofitabilityinthefiveyearsbeforepurchase.Codelcosaysthisequationvaluestheprojectat$13.5billion.Ithassecureda$6.75billionloanfromJapan’sMitsuitopayforitsshare.
However,theformulatakesnoaccountofthelucrativenewfindsatSur.AngloAmericanisinnomoodtooffloadsharesatafractionoftheirvalue.TofendoffCodelco,thecompanyreachedadealwithMitsubishi,aJapanesetradinghouse,tosella24.5%stakefor$5.4billion—avaluationofalmost$22billion,nearlydoubleCodelco’sfigure.AngloAmericansaidCodelcowouldhavetosettleforasmallerholdingafteritsdealwithMitsubishiisfinalised.
Codelco’smanagersarelivid,andaccuseAngloAmericanofbreachingtheircontract.“When
wetalkaboutaninfringementofgoodfaith,we’renottalkingaboutapactofhonouroragentleman’sagreement,”MrHernándezsaidrecently.“We’retalkingaboutalegalobligation
withwhichAngloAmericanhastocomply.They’retryingtostopusfromexercisingourlegitimateright.”Inresponse,AngloAmericansaidithadnotviolateditsobligationsandhadsimplyfoundabetterdealforitsshareholders.
ThedisputecouldsourChileanattitudestowardsBritain.CopperisthelifebloodoftheChileaneconomy,andstate-ownedCodel
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