Solar Power BuildingWalmart.docx
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Solar Power BuildingWalmart.docx
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SolarPowerBuildingWalmart
SolarPowerSystemInWalmart
邓建儒
2012141441300
电气信息学院自动化
Location:
Lubbock,Texas,US
Building:
Walmart
FloorArea:
45000
WorkingTime:
24hours
PlotRatio:
15%
SolarPowerUtilityRatio:
13%
WaterRecycleRatio:
33%
AverageSunExposurePeriod:
10hoursperday
1.Abstract
WalmartinLubbockwasfoundedin1962.Thegoalofsolarenergyprojectwastoreduceenergyconsumptionbyatleast30%versusASHRAEStandard90.1-2007orversuspre-retrofitenergyconsumptionaspartofDOE’sCommercialBuildingPartnerships(CBP).InadditiontocontributingtoDOE’sCBPprogram,thesolutionsinstalledandtestedduringtheCentennialretrofitprojectwillcontributetoWalmart’sBetterBuildingsChallengecommitmenttoreduceitsU.S.energyusepersquarefootby20%by2020.
Walmart’sbuildingefficiencyworkispartofawiderEnvironmentalSustainabilityinitiative—onedesignedtomovethecompanyto100%renewableenergyandreduceoveralldemandforenergy.
2.EnergyEfficiencyMeasures
TablebelowliststheEEMsthatwereimplementedintheprojectbasedontheeconomic,operations,andpolicydecisioncriteriamentionedearlier.ThesumofthesavingsestimatesfortheindividualEEMsmaydifferfromthoseestimatedforallEEMsappliedtogetherbecausesomemeasuresinteract.
ExpectedAnnualSavings
SimplePayback(years)
InstalledCosttoAchieve3-5yearSimplePayback
$/year
kWh/year
Therms/year
Lighting
Perimeterlightreduction:
removedtwolampsfromeachofthe1114-lampperimeterfixturesonthegeneralmerchandisesalesfloor.Lightinginthegroceryperimeterfixtureswasretainedasis.
$4500
61500
(800)
<1
N/A
Producelightingupgrade:
replace48100-wattmetalhalidefixtureswith96,12-watt,1000-lumenLEDspotlights.
$2700
46200
(1400)
>5
$8100-$12300
Canopydownlightingupgrade:
replaced32recessed70-wattmetalhalidedownlightswithLEDdownlightsandretrofitkits.
$900
10100
-
>5
$2700-$4500
Pharmacycanopylightingupgrade:
replaced6pharmacycanopy70-wattmetalhalidefixtureswith36-wattrecessedLEDfixtures.
$200
1900
-
>5
$600-$1000
Wall-mountedsecuritylightupgrade:
replaced17175-wattmetalhalidelampswith1320-wattand4202-wattLEDfixtures.Theconnectedlightingloaddecreasedfrom3.4kWto1.1kW.Thelightsoperateanaverageof11hoursperday.
$900
8900
-
<3
N/A
Parkinglotlightingupgrade:
replaced501000-wattlampswith87263-wattLEDfixtures.TheLEDsexceedEngineeringSocietyofNorthAmericaRP-20minimumlightlevels.Thesite-connectedlightingloaddecreasedfrom70kWto25.5kW.Thelightsoperateanaverageof11hoursperday.
$12000
124400
-
>5
$36000-$60000
Installedback-of-houseoccupancysensors.
$200
2000
(5)
>5
$600-$1000
Gardencenteroutsidebaggoodsarea:
turnedlightsoffduringdaytime(beforeretrofitthelightswereon24/7).
$1400
16700
-
<1
N/A
Gardencentershadeclotharea:
turnedlightsoffduringdaytime(beforeretrofitthelightswereon24/7)
$300
4800
-
<1
N/A
LightingSubtotal
$24100
286000
(2200)
3-5
$72300-$120500
HeatingVentilation,andAirConditioning
Usewasteheatfrom2medium-temperaturerefrigerationsystemstopreheatventilationairforthegrocerysalesarea.TheenergysavingsfromthisEEMdependsonclimateandshouldbeevaluatedcarefullybeforeimplementing.
$10000
(49000)
18800
>5
$30000-$50000
Directevaporativecoolingofrooftopunit(RTU)condenserscombinedwithindirectevaporativeprecoolingofventilationairon6ofthe820-tonsalesRTUs.TheenergysavingsfromthisEEMdependsonclimateandshouldbeevaluatedcarefullybeforeimplementing.
$7500
49900
(100)
>5
$22500-$37500
HVACSubtotal
$17500
900
18700
>5
$52500-$87500
Refrigeration
Anti-sweatheatercontrolupgrade;repairedandupgradedtheexistingcontrolpanel.
$10300
123500
(400)
<1
N/A
GlassdoorsandLEDsaddedtomedium-temperaturedairy,deli,andbeercases,butnothorizontal“coffin”–stylecases.Calculatedsavingsincludesthenegativeimpactofaddedanti-condensateheaters.
$14200
68600
12700
>5
$42600-$71000
3.DetailedSolarReadyBuildingGuidelinesInWalmart
(1)Avoidshading
Shadingwillhaveanadverseeffectonallthesolartechnologiesdiscussedhereandshouldbeavoided.Useasunpathcalculator,suchastheSolarPathfinder™,toassessshadingataparticularlocationbyanalyzingtheskyviewwherethesolarpanelwillbelocated.Sincethesolarapplicationmaynotbeinstalledforseveralyears,landscapingandfutureconstructionshouldbeplannedsoastoavoidadverselyaffectingthesolarresource.PVpanelperformanceisexceptionallysusceptibletoshading.WhenshadefallsonaPV(Photovoltaic)panel,thatportionofthepanelisnolongerabletocollectthehigh-energybeamradiationfromthesun.Ifthatshadinghappensduringthepeakhoursofoperation(10a.m.–2p.m.),theproductionofthepanelcanbegreatlyreduced.APVpanelismadeupofmanyindividualcellsthatallproduceasmallamountofcurrentandvoltage.Theseindividualcellsareconnectedinseriestoproducealargervoltage.Ifenoughoftheindividualcellsareshaded,thevoltagewilldropbelowthelowervoltagelimitofthepanelandtheentirepanelwillquitproducingelectricity.
TypicalPVpanelconstruction
(2)SolarCollectorPlacement
Inmanycases,theroofisthebestlocationforaPVorSTsystem.Thisisaconvenientlocationbecauseitisoutofthewayandusuallyun-shaded.Inadditiontorooflocations,therearemanyotherareasthatalsomakegoodcollectorlocations.Someoftheseincludeparkingshadestructures,largeplotsofland,andbuildingintegratedsystems.Whenconsideringasolarsystem,allpossiblelocationsshouldbeconsidered.
(3)SiteOrientation
Beforegroundisbrokenonanewconstructionproject,considerwhetherthesitelayoutcanbeimprovedtobetterincorporateasolarsystem.Inmostcases,thelayoutofasitecandeterminewhetherasolarsystemisfeasibleornot.Seefigurebelowfortwoexamplescenarioswheresitelayoutgreatlychangessolarpotential.InSite1,alargeamountofopenspaceisavailablenorthofthebuildings,butbecauseofshadingfromthebuildings,theareawillbeshadedforalargepartoftheyear.InSite2,thebuildingsandtheparkinglotwereshiftedtothenorthsideofthesite.Thislefttheopenspaceonthesouthsideofthesite,whereshadingfromthebuildingswillnotfallonthesolarpanels.Byplacingthebuildingsonasitewithsolarresourceandshadinginmind,theareaavailableforsolarpanelscanbegreatlyincreased.
Usablesolararea
Ifabuildingisdesignedwithslopedroofs,itisbesttoorienttherooftomaximizetheroofareafacingsouth(north-facinginthesouthernhemisphere).Placementonthesouth-facingsectionwillensurethatthesunlightwillstrikethesolarcollectoratamoreoptimalanglethanitwouldifthecollectorsareplacedontheeast-,west-,ornorth-facingroofsections.Thesolarpanelsshouldbemountedonthesouthareaoftheroofandthemechanicalequipmentandventsshouldbelocatedonthenorthareaoftheroof.Mostsolarcollectorsaremountedwithapaneltiltangle,relativetohorizontal,thatisapproximatelyequaltothesite’slatitudeformaximumannualenergycollection.Largesystemswithmultiplerowshaverowspacingsoeachrowgetsfullsunat10a.m.onthewintersolstice.
(4)RoofObstructions
Itisimportanttomaximizethesizeofunobstructedrooftoparea,andlargecontiguousareasarepreferable.Minimizetherooftopequipmentifpossible.IfmechanicalequipmentmustbemountedontheroofitisbesttodesignateaconfinedareaforthisequipmenttoallowmorespaceforaPVorSTarray.Whenselectingtheconfinedequipmentarea,selectaplacethatwillnotshadetheroofareaintendedforthesolararray.Rooftopequipmentincludessmallobstructionssuchasrooftopvents,whichshouldalsobeminimized.
(5)RoofTypes
Thetypeofroofinstalledwhenabuildingisbuiltcanaffectinstallationcostswhensolarispursuedonthebuilding.Thetype,quality,andwarrantyoftheroofcanallplayapartindeterminingtheeaseofasolarinstall.SolarPVpanelsoftenhavea25-yearwarranty.Itisimportanttoinstallaroofthatwilllastatleastaslong.Also,thetypeofroofchosencandeterminewhetherroofpenetrationswillhavetobemade,whichmayvoidtheroofwarranty.
FlatRoofs:
Thebestroofforaflatapplicationisafullyadheredthermoplasticolefinorpolyolefin(TPO)membraneroof.Thisroofisoftenanexcellentchoiceforcommercialapplications,beingbothcosteffectiveandmoreenvironmentallyfriendlythansomeotheroptions.Othermembraneroofscanalsoworkwellwithsolarsuchasethylenepropylenedienemonomer(EPDM)orpolyvinylchloride(PVC).Itisimportanttoavoidriverrockballastedmembraneroofs.Removingtheballasttoinstallsolarpanelscanbetediousandcostly.
SlopedRoofs:
Astandingseamroofisoftenthebestoptionifsolaristobepursuedatalaterdate.Solarpanelscanbeattachedtostandingseamroofswithoutpenetratingtheroof.Thestandingseamroofitselfmustbeattachedtothestructurewellenoughtowithstandtheadditionalloadsofasolararray.Anyshingledroofwillrequireroofpenetrationsinordertoattachsolarracking.Atileroofposeschallengesforinstallingasolararrayandshouldbeavoidedifsolarisplannedforthestructure.
(6)RoofLoad
Ifthesolarsystemistobelocatedontheroofofabuilding,roofstructuresmustbedesignedtoaccommodatetheadditionaldeadloads(staticload)andliveloads(dynamicload)ofthePVand/orSTsystem.Fora
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