葡萄牙语发音.docx
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葡萄牙语发音.docx
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葡萄牙语发音
Introduction
ThisisadetaileddescriptionofthepronunciationofthePortugueselanguageasspokeninPortugal,andhowitcorrespondstothewrittenlanguage.Manyoriginalsoundsamplesillustratetheuniquesoundsofthelanguage.Moredetailsaboutthesoundsamplesandtheircopyrightcanbefoundhere.
ThisdescriptiondoesnotfullycoverthepronunciationofBrazilianPortuguese,althoughsomeofthemorestrikingdifferencesareindicatedwhereappropriate.
Thedescriptionsarepresentedorderedintwodifferentways:
∙Alphabetically
Thisenablesthereadertolookupinformationaboutthepronunciationofwrittenwords,bylookingforalphabeticcharactersandcombinationsthereof,aloneandasinfluencedbyneighbouringcharacters.Thevariousphonemeseachletterorlettercombinationrepresentsareexemplified,andcross-linkedtothecorrespondingentryofthePhonemiclisting.
Somecommentsaregiveninthealphabeticlistingtoo,butthemoredetaileddescriptionsareinthephonemiclistingandthenotes.
∙Phonemically.
Herethephonemesofthelanguagearepresented,consonantsfromthefrontofthemouthtotheback,vowelsfromfronttobackandfromhightolowtonguepositions,monophthongsanddiphthongs.
Examplesandsoundsamplesaregiven,usuallythesameasinthealphabeticlisting,andtherearecross-linkstothewayorwayseachphonemecanbewritten.
Voweldiagram
Sampleorigins
Notes
Stressrules
Linkstoglossaries
Phonemiclisting
Phonemesummary
Introduction
Consonants
Non-nasalisedvowels
Nasalisedvowels
Non-nasaliseddiphthongs
Nasaliseddiphthongs
Quick-clicktophonemes:
/p//b//f//v//m//w//t//d//s//z//n//l//r//S//Z//J//L//j//k//g//R\/
/i//e//E//1//3//a//u//o//O//i~//e~//3~//u~//o~/
/ui//oi//Oi//3i//Ei//ai//ou//eu//Eu//au/
/u~i~//o~i~//3~i~//3~u~/
Phonemic
symbol2)
Combination/context1)
Exampleword
English
translation
Comments
Consonants
/p/
p
pai,porto/portu/ ©,porta/pOrt3/ ©
father,harbour,door
Bilabial,notaspirated.
Forthevoweldifferencebetweenportoandporta,seealsoRegularalternations,itemPronouns.
/b/
b
Lisboa ©,Lisboa ©,vaiobemfugindo ©
Lisbon
Allophones:
althoughthisisasinglephoneme,itsexactrealisationdependsoncontext.Moredetailsinnote19,item1.
/f/
f
afago©
caress
Labiodental
/v/
v
verde,voz ©,vaiobemfugindo ©
green,voice
Alwayslabiodental,asinmostotherlanguages.Notbilabial,asinSpanish,anditdoesn'tcoincidewith/b/,asdoeswrittenvinSpanish.
Thesamplevaiobemfugindo ©showsthedifferencebetweenlabiodental/v/(in"vai")andbilabial[B](in"obem").
Regionalvariant:
InthenorthofPortugal,thelettervispronouncedinawaysimilartob.
/m/
VmV
amanhã
tomorrow
Note3,item3
BmV
manhã
morning
/w/
CuV
guardar,quase,água ©
keep,almost,water
Seenote10.
VuV
cauã,acauã,uacauã
NamesofaBrazilianbird
Itishardtofindexamplesofthisintervocalicuinnormaleverydaywords.Itisfoundinmanybirds'andplants'names.Theexamplesgivenhereareloan-wordsfromTupi.
CoV
mágoas ©,Coimbra,moeda
hurts,Coimbra,coin
Itisquestionableif/w/isaseparatephonemeofPortugueseatall,alsobecauseitneveroccursbeforeavowel/u/.Somaybethis/w/isinfactsimplythevowel/u/inapositionwhereitgetsintoclosecontactwithaneighbouringvowel.
w
Word
Word
NeverinnormalPortuguesewords,onlyinrareloans.
/t/
t
triste ©,tom ©
sad
Thisisalwaysadental[t_d],notanalveolar[t].Notaspirated.
InBrazil,manypalatalisethisphonemebeforehighfrontvowels,asintriste[triSt'i] ©andgente[Ze~t'i] ©.Seenote23,item3.
/d/
d
Deus ©
God
Thissoundisalwaysdental,notalveolar.
Allophones:
althoughthisisasinglephoneme,itsexactrealisationdependsoncontext.Moredetailsinnote19,item2.
InBrazil,manypalatalisethisphonemebeforehighfrontvowels,asingrande[gr3~d'i] ©.Seenote23,item3.
/s/
BsV
sem ©
without
Allophone[s],never[S].
Note3,item2
VssV
disse
hesaid,shesaid,Isaid
Allophone[s],never[S].
çAOU
faço
Ido,Imake
Allophone[s],never[S].
cEI
céu ©,céus ©
heaven(s)
Allophone[s],never[S].
Vs
fazes
youdo,youmake
Allophone[S].
Iconsiderthissoundaspartofphoneme/s/,althoughinPortugalitnearlyalwayssoundsthesameorpracticallythesameasphoneme/S/or/Z/.
Seealsozand/z/,andnote5,item1.
Thisfinal[S]oftenseemsvoiced,andsobehavesthesameasthecorresponding[Z]allophoneofphoneme/z/.
VsC
Lisboa ©,Deus deu ©,dassendas ©,
Lisbon,Godgave,frompaths
Allophone[S].
Sameasaboveforwrittensinword-finalposition.Inthefirsttwoexamples,the[S]becomes[Z]duetoassimilationwiththevoiced/b/=[B]or/d/=[D]thatfollows.
Whereafinalsmeetsaninitials,thereisnoassimilation:
theybothretaintheirownallophoniccharacter(althoughsomebooksdenythis;anditmaywellbedifferentinBrazil).Thissample,dassendas ©,isaveryclearexampleofhowthesesoundsmeet.Asimilarsituation,withfinal/z/insteadofs,isumavozsemtom ©.
Aboutinitial"es"beforeaconsonant,seealsonote20.
x
máximo,próximo,trouxe,auxiliar,auxílio
maximum,next,hebrought/carried,help/support,help
Allophone[s],not[S].
Onlyinsomewords,mostofwhicharementionedhere.
x
fixar,maxila
fix/fasten/attach,jaw
Spellingxleadstopronunciation/ks/inwordslikethese.
/z/
zV
fazes
youdo
Soundsas[z]
zF(alsozC)
faz,voz ©
shedoes,voice
Allophone[Z].Seealsosand/s/,andnote5,item1.
Inumavozsemtom ©thefinalzofvozandtheinitialsofsemdonotassimilate.Seealso/s/andthesampledassendas ©.
VsV
casa,meus olhos ©
house,myeyes
Soundsas[z]
BexV
exame,existir
exam,exist
Soundsas[z]
/n/
Vn
ano
year
BnV
não ©,nem ©,novo/novo/ ©,nova/nOv3/ ©
no,nor,new(masc.),new(fem.)
SeealsoRegularalternations.
/l/
l
velejar©
Lisboa©
tosail
Lisbon
InPortuguese,thelisalwaysabitvelarised,i.e.thebackofthetongueisraisedsomewhat,givingadarkcolouring.ItissimilartowhathappensinDutchandBritishEnglishinfinalandpre-consonantalpositions,andinallpositionsinAmericanandScottishEnglish.It'salsothesameasinRussianbeforeabackvowel.
InthePortugueseofPortugal,thisvelarisationisalsomoreapparentinfinalpositionsandinthevicinityofnon-frontvowels,asinthewordsfatal ©,and"mal"whichsoundsalmostlike"mau".Butitalsohappensininitialposition,evenbeforeafrontvowel,asinthenameofthecapitalcity:
Lisboa©,althoughthedegreeofvelarisationvaries,cf.Lisboa©.Alsobetweencentralvowelslike/1/,asinvelejar©.
InBrazil,somepalatalisethisphonemebeforehighfrontvowels,asingole[gOLi] ©.Seenote23,item3.
/r/
VrV
morrerei(2nd r) ©
Iwilldie
Note3,item2.
Seealsotheotherr-likephoneme/R\/.
Minimalpairsaregivenhere.
InBrazil,this/r/oftenbecomesuvularinVrCenVrFpositions.Formoredetails,seenote23,item6.ThisneverhappensinPortugal.InVrVpositionthesoundisalwayslingualinBraziltoo.
InPortugalashort[1]or[i]issometimesaddedafterthefinalrofaninfinitiveendingin-aror-er,asinthissample:
quemquer ©.
InBrazil(Caipira)andCabo-Verdeontheotherhand,thisfinalrisoftenomittedaltogether,turningwrittenarintoá.Example:
vortá(dialectalvariantofvoltar) ©.
InCaipira(Brazil)aretroflexrisheard,seenote23,item10.
InPortugal,soundsoccurinthispositionthatmayalsobecalledsomewhatretroflex,althoughit'sprobablysomethingelse,whichIfindhardtodescribephonetically.IthinkitissimilartotheroftenheardinTurkish.Examples:
porto ©,corteasvagas ©,tardedemais ©,etardeumapalavra ©.Itmaybeduetoinfluenceofthefollowingverydentalsound.Cf.rbeforethinEnglishpronunciationstylesinwhichtherisnotmuteinthisposition.Buttherethechangeisfromanalreadyretroflexrtoamoredentalapproximant,whilehereitsoundsasifthedentalsoundthatfollowsmakestherretroflex.
VrC
porto ©,surda ©.
port,mute
VrF
velejar ©
tosail
/S/
ch
chama,chego ©
he/shecalls/flame,Iarrive
Inconnectionwithphoneme/S/seealsophoneme/s/,allophone [S],andnote5,item1.
Forch,PortuguesehasthesamespellingruleasFrench,notthesameasSpanish.
x
paixão,peixe,deixar,excelente
passion,fish,leave/let/etc.,excellent
Thisisthemostcommonsoundforwrittenx.
/Z/
j
já
already
Jisusuallyonlywrittenbeforea,o,oru,beforeeorithelettergisused.Butsometimesjiswrittenbeforeeori:
jeito,enjeitar.
Inconnectionwithphoneme/Z/seealsophoneme/z/,allophone [Z],andnote5,item1.
gEI
longe,refúgio ©
faraway,refuge
/J/
nh
manhã,ganhar ©
morning,win/gain
LikeSpanishñ,andItalianandFrenchgn(asincognac).
/L/
lh
mulher,olho,olhos ©
woman,Ilook/eye,eyes
See/O/and/o/forthesounddifferencebetween"I look"(/OLu/)and"eye"(/oLu/),bothwrittenolho.Seealsonote7.
ThecombinationlhplayssametheroleinthePortuguesespellingsystemasllinSpanish,andgliinItalian.However,inPortuguese(inbothPortugalandBrazil),itreallydenotesapalatallsound,whereasinSpanish,thissoundexistsmerelyintheoryandperhapsinhistory,therealsoundsbeing[j],[d'],[d'Z]or[Z](oreven[z],Argentina),dependingonregionandpersonalpreference.InmodernspokenSpanish,writtenllphonemicallycoincideswithwrittenyeverywher
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