浙江省宁波市慈溪市学年高二下学期期末英语试题.docx
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浙江省宁波市慈溪市学年高二下学期期末英语试题.docx
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浙江省宁波市慈溪市学年高二下学期期末英语试题
浙江省宁波市慈溪市2020-2021学年高二下学期期末英语试题
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一、阅读选择
Ifyouwalkthroughapark,youmayenjoythescents(气味)offlowers,waterandsoil.Ifyouareespeciallylucky,youwillgettosmellfresh-cutgrass.It'sabelovedscentthattransportsmanypeoplebacktotheirchildhood.Butthere'sadarksidetothatsmell.Indeed,weareinlovewiththescentoffear.
Plantshavemanydifferentchemicaldefenses.Thatsmellisoneofthem,asthegrassrespondstoanattack,signaling(向......示意)tothesurroundinggrassthatdangeriscoming.Thefresh,"green”scentofajust-mowedlawnisthelawntryingtosaveitself,saysastoryatsciencewebsiteReal-ClearScience.
Thesmellisproducedbyamixofchemicalscalledgreenleafvolatiles(GLVs,绿叶挥发物).Whentheleafyplantsareinjuredbyanimalseatingthem,peoplecuttingthem,oranyotherroughtreatment-theygiveoffGLVsintotheair.TheseGLVsareawarningtoneighbouringplantsthattheirflowersmightberemoved,sotheycanmoveresourceslikesugartowardtheirrootsandawayfromtheirflowers.Thisreducesaplant'spotentiallossesandcanhelpitgrowbacklater.
TherushofGLVsdoesafewotherthings,too.Onechemicalhelpstoclosethewoundonthedamagedplant.Othersactasantibiotics(抗生素)andpreventbacterialinfections.
SomeGLVsmayalsoreactwithanimalsthateatplants.SilkeAll-mannandIanT.Baldwin,researchersfromtheUniversityofAmsterdam,Netherlands,foundthatsomecaterpillars(毛虫)arechangedbytheGLVcompounds(化合物)whentheyeatatobaccoplant.Tobaccomakesthecaterpillarsmoreattractivetopredators(捕食者).Forthetobaccoplants,thisislikehavinganolderbrothercometobeatupyourbully(欺凌者).
Thankfully,nothingiscomingtoeatyouwhenyoumowthelawn.Instead,wehumangettreatedtosomegreat-smellingGLVs.Oneisacompoundknownas"cis-3-hexenal".Thisisthesamechemicalthatgivesstrawberriestheirsweetscent.Similarcompoundsarealsofoundinapplesandolives.
"JustaboutallfreshvegetableshavesomeGLVscentstothem,"BaldwintoldLiveScience,andfruitsmayreleasethecompoundsastheysoften."Throughoutevolutionaryhistory,we'veusedthatinformationtoknowwhensomethingisripe,"Baldwinsaid.Nowwecanuseittoknowwhengrassisfrightened.
1.WhatdoweknowaboutGLVs?
A.Theyareharmfultohumans.B.Theyareuniquetofloweringplants.
C.Theytendtostayintheairforalongtime.D.Theyarereleasedwhenplantsgethurt.
2.HowmayplantsreacttotheGLVsproducedbyneighbouringplants?
A.Theygrowmorequickly.B.Theyproducemoreflowers.
C.Theyabsorbmorewater.D.Theytransportresourcestotheirroots.
3.Inparagraph5,theunderlinedpart"anolderbrother"refersto
A.akindofantibioticB.apredator.C.acaterpillar.D.atobaccoplant.
4.AccordingtoBaldwin,GLVscan
A.telluswhetherfruitsarereadytoeat.B.protectplantsfrompests.
C.helpfruitsgrowmorequickly.D.helppeoplechoosedeliciousfruits.
Youknowtheoldphrase,"Practicemakesperfect."Thatmaynotalwaysbetrue.AccordingtoarecentstudypublishedinRoyalSocietyOpenScience,thereareotherfactorsforreachingelite(最优秀的)levelsofability.
Theresearcherssetouttoreplicate(复制)theprocessofanew-famous1993studyoftop-levelviolinistsandpianists.Onaverage,theearlierstudyfoundthattop-rankedmusicianshadclockedover10,000hoursofpracticebytheageof20.Itputtheirsuccessdowntothehoursspentpracticing,downplayingtheimportanceofnatural,learningskillsandotherfactors.
AuthorMalcolmGladwelllaterreliedonthisstudyforhis2008book,Outliers.Hecalled10,000hours"themagicnumberofgreatness”.
Questioningthisconclusion,BrookeMacnamaraandMeghaMaitra,fromCaseWesternReserveUniversityinOhio,US,soughtvolunteerstoputthe10,000-hourruletothetest.
Thepairorganizedviolinistsintothreegroups,basedonwhethertheirtutorsratedthemasthebestplayers,goodplayers,oraverageplayers.Theywerethentoldtorecordhowlongtheypracticedeveryweek.
Theyfoundthatthe“average”playershadaround6,000hoursofpractice.However,therewaslittleseparatingthegoodfromthebestmusicians.Bothgroupshadapproximately11,000hoursofpracticebytheageof20.Inall,thenumberofhoursspentpracticingaccountedforaboutaquarteroftheskilldifferenceacrossthethreegroups.
"Onceyougettothehighlyskilledgroups,practicestopsaccountingforthedifference,"MannamaratoldtheGuardian."Smallerfactorsthendeterminewhogoesontothatsuperelitelevel."
"Thefactorsdependontheskillbeinglearned:
inchessitcouldbeintelligenceorworkingmemory,insportitmaybehowefficientlyapersonuseoxygen,"shesaid.Shealsopointedoutthefactorofmotivationandtheinteractionsofdifferentfactors.
RalfKrampe,aco-authorofthe1993study,disagrees,sayingthequalityofpracticeandteachingdoesmatter.“....Istillconsiderdeliberate(刻意的)practicetobebyfarthemostimportantfactor,"hetoldtheGuardian.
Itshouldbesaidthatneithersidediscountsthevalueofmakinganeffort.Evenifyouaren'tdestined(命中注定)tobetheworld'sgreatestviolinist,practicewillmakeyoualittlebitbetterthanyouwereyesterday.
5.Whatcanwelearnfromthe1993study?
A.The10.000-hourruleappliestoeverything.
B.Naturaltalentisparticularlyimportantformusicians.
C.Practiceisthekeytomasteringaskill.
D.It'sbettertolearnaninstrumentatayoungage.
6.WhatdidthestudybyMacnamaraandMaitrafind?
A.Thethreegroupsofviolinistsvariedalotintheirpracticetimes.
B.Themasteringofdifferentskillsrequireddifferenthoursofpractice.
C.Motivationandtalentdeterminedwhetheronecouldbecomeaneliteviolinist.
D.Practicetimedidn'tmakemuchdifferencebetween"thebest"and"good"violinists.
7.Theunderlinedword"discount"probablymeans
A.proveB.ignore
C.recognizeD.consider
Livinggratefullyhasahugetransformingpower,notjustwhensomethingwonderfulorspecialhappens,buteverydaynomatterwhatishappening.
I'verecentlybeeninvolvedwithtwopeoplewhoseliveswerechallengedbybadluck.Ihaveseenhowgratefullivinghadthepowertokeeponeofthemgoingandhowit'sbeginningtolifttheother.Onewasafriendandtheotherismysister.
Myfriendseemedtobeingoodhealthwhenshereceivedadeadlydiagnosis(诊断):
adiseasewithnoeffectivetreatment.Shehadalltheemotionsthatatragedy(悲剧)brings,butshealsohadapowerfulresponsetodespairthatgaveher"thehappinessthatdoesn'tdependonwhathappens."Shewroteonlinedaily,honestlysharingthedetailsofhersituation.
Shewrotethateventhoughitwasdifficulttomove,thisgavehermoretimetonoticesmallthings.
Shewasgratefulnotonlyfortheloveandhelpoffamilyandfriends,butalsofortimetoseethesunriseandwatchthebirdsinheryard.Noopportunityforgratefulnesswaswasted.
Shetaughtthatgratefulnessisnotafalsecheerfulness.It'stakingeveryopportunitytocelebratetheblessingsofsmallthings.Wecanbegratefulforthechallengesthathelpusdevelopcompassion(同情)foreachother.Lifeisapreciousgift.
Sherepeatedlyblogged(写博客)thatshewashappierthanshehadeverbeen.
Whenshewroteabout"theworstday",sheendedwith"lifeisstillalovelygift."Shediedlaterthatday.
Hermessage,however,changedmysister'slife.Mysister'shealthwasgettingworseandworse,thoughnothinglife-threatening.Shedidhaveaverypainfulknee.Herlifewasindangerfromherdefeatedspirit.Shewasbedbound(卧床不起),gettingweakerandweaker.Fearful,angryanddepressed,shefeltoutofoptionsforrecovery.
Ireadmysisterafewofmyfriend'smessages.Iwascarefulnottosay,"Whycan'tyoubemorelikeher?
"Instead,Iletthewordsdotheirwork.I'mgratefultosaythatanattitudeofgratitudebegantoreplaceherangerandfear.Ibelievethishelpedhertoheal.
Wecan'tbegratefulforallthathappens,butwecanpracticegratefulnessforallthathappens,butwecanpracticegratefulnessforlifeitself,forallwecanlearntodealwith,forallthewayswecanhelpeachothergrowandheal.
8.Howdidtheauthor'ssisterfeelwhenshewasill?
A.calm.
B.lonely.
C.sad.
D.confused.
9.Whathappenedwhentheauthor'sfriendfoundshehadanincurabledisease?
A.Shecomplainedthatlifewasunfairtoher.
B.Shestartedtoappreciateandenjoythesmallthingsinlife.
C.Shetriedherbesttolookfortreatment.
D.Sherepeatedlybloggedabouthowpainfulitwas.
10.Whatmessagedoesthearticlemainlyconvey?
A.Afriendinneedisafriendindeed.
B.Gratitudehasthepowerofliftingpeople'sspirits.
C.Healthisthemostimportantthingforpeople.
D.Familieswillalwaysbetherenomatterwhathappens.
二、七选五
Lessonslearnedinpastoutbreaks
Thenovelcoronavirusdominates(主导)theheadlinesasoneoftheworld'smostpressingissues.Ithaskilledmorepeoplethanthe2003SARSoutbreak,accordingtotheWorldHealthOrganization(WHO).11.?
OneofthebiggestlessonsfromSARSwastosharethelatestinformationabouttheviruswiththepublicandothercountriesintheworldasquicklyaspossible.,12.,allowingscientistsaroundtheworldtostartdevelopingavaccine(疫亩)onJan12,accordingtoXinhua.
WithexperiencesoffightingagainstSARSandMERS,manycountrieswerealsobetterpreparedtostopthespreadofcoronavirus.13..Duringthe2012MERSoutbreak,researchshowedthatinfectedcamelscausedtheoutbreak.AccordingtotheWHO,strictmeasureswereenacted(实施),restrictingthesaleofcamelsandcamelproductsintheArabianPeninsula.Therewerealsomasshealthtestsforallthoseinclosecontactwithdiseasedanimals.14.
Inthefightagainstthenovelcoronavirus,Chinahasalsotakenmanyeffectiveme
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