轮胎压力监测中英文对照外文翻译文献.docx
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轮胎压力监测中英文对照外文翻译文献.docx
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轮胎压力监测中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文资料外文翻译文献
参考文献
MonitoringtheTirePressureatCarsUsingPassiveSAWSensors
Abstract:
Inourpaperwepresenttheapplicationofsurfaceacousticwave(SAW)sensorstothecontinuousmanitaringofthetirepressureinroadvehicles.Withthese,thetirepressurecanbereadoutineveryphaseofdriving.Weshowtheimplementedprototypesetupformeasurementofthetirepressure,theappliedSAWsensors,improvedversionsandtheinterrogationsetup.Theproblemsinpracticalapplicationarediscussed.Experimentalresultsmeasuringthetirepressureduringtestridesarepresented.
INTRODUCTION
Operatingaroadvehicle,amalfunctionofthetiresinmotionduetoatirepuncturecancauseseriousaccidentsandendangerhumanlife.Furthermore,nowadaysmanufacturersofcarstrytosavethesparewheelinvehicles.Usuallyitonlycostsweightandspace,thereforeityieldsahigherfuelconsumption,althoughitwillberequiredlessthanonetimeinmorethantenyearsofacar'slife.Thisonlycanbedone,iftheairpressureinthetirescanbemeasuredevenduringdriving.Currentlyusedsensorscontainactivecomponents,poweredbyaLithiumbattery.Themassofthesesensorassembliesisabout20gramscausinghighdynamicload.Afewyearsago,wirelessIyinterrogableSAWdevicesfarsensorapplicationswereinvented.[1,2,3].UsinganoneportSAWdelaylineconnectedtoanantennaonly,
anRFinterrogationsignalisfedintoandthesensorresponse,carryingthesensorinformationisretransmittedwirelesslytotheinterrogator.Thesesensorsarecapableformeasurementoftemperature,mechanicalload,forceanddisplacement,etc.Theadvantageis,thatSAWsensorsaretotallypassivedevicesandcontainneitherpowersupplynorsemiconductors.Theywithstandtemperaturesuptoseveralhundredsofdegreecentigrades,theirlifetimeismuchlongerthanthatofbatterypoweredsystems.Further,invehiclesstrongelectromagneticpollutionisgeneratedbyignitionsystemsetc.SAWsensorsoperatewithoutriskofdamageeveninroughenvironments.FirstwediscusspressuremeasurementemployingSAWsensorswithwirelessinterrogation.Wepresentsometypesofsensorassembliesandtheinterrogationsystem.Nextwediscusstheimplementationintothecarandthenwepresentexperimentallyresults.Finallyabriefsummaryconcludesthecontentofthepaper.
SAWPRESSURESENSORS
TheelectricalbehaviourofapassiveSAWpressuresensoralwaysisthatofaoneportdelaylinewithmultiplereflectorsoraresonator,respectively.Inthedelaylinecase,theinterrogatortransmitsaburstsignal,thesensorrespondswithachainofbursts,oneforeveryreflectorarrangedatthesubstrate'ssurface.Thedifferentialdelaybetweentwoormoreresponsesignalsisevaluated.Tomeasuresomephysicalvalue,theparameterhastobeconvertedintoachangeofsensor'ssurfacelengthorsurfaceacousticwave'svelocity,respectively.ThedelayrioftheresponseofareflectoriistheratioofSAWpropagationlengthLionthesubstrate'ssurfaceandpropagationvelocityv,.Affectingthesensorwithameasurandcausesascalingofthesensor'sresponsetobeobservedasindividualdelayshiftsArioftheresponsesignalssioriginatingfrotmhereflectorsi.Mechanicalmeasurandscanbecollectedbyloadingthesensormechanically.Apartfromstretchingandcompressing,utilizedforwirelessmeasurementoftorque,etc.theSAWsensor'ssubstratecanbebent.Pressurecanaffectthesensorbybendingamembrane,shiftingtheedgeofasensorfixedontheotherside.Herethesensorisloadedtobebentduetoashiftofthecenterofamembraneloadedbythepressure.Ontheotherhandthesensorcandirectlybefittedtothemembraneorapiezoelectric
membranerepresentingtheSAWsubstratecanbeused.Figure1showsthesemethods.
Fig.1:
a)Membraneconvertingpressuretoshiftbending
theSAWsensor(SAWS)
b)SAWsensorfittedtothemembrane
Thenextstepistocoverthesensormembranebyacapconsistingofaspacerframeandaquartzcoverplate.ThisyieldsanintegratedpressurechamberSAWsensor[4](fig.2).
Fig.2:
IntegratedpressurechamberSAWsensor
ThecoverprotectstheSAWgeneratingmetallicstructurefromoxidationandthesurfacefromdust.ThecavitycanbefiIledwithagasatreferencepressure.Ifthecavityisevacuated,absolutepressurevaluescanbemeasured.MeasurementismadebyinterrogationusingsimpleRFburstsignals.Theresponseimpulsesareevaluatedinmagnitudeandphase.Bendingthemembraneduetopressureloadyieldsaphaseshiftofforinstance100degreeforlo4Pascal.Withthistheairpressureincartirescanbemeasuredwitharesolutioonfapprox.IO'Pascal(0.01Bar).Toreducetheamountofdatatoprocess,fortheimplementationincarstheresolutionwasreducedto50mBar.
IMPLEMENTATION
Thefirstprototypeusedfortheexperimentalmeasuremenwtsasapressurechamberwithamembranemadeofbrass.Thesensorunitwasfittedtoahubcapandwasconnectedtothevalvebyapressureassembly(fig.3).
Fig.3:
Firstprototypeofpressurechamberfor
measurementoftirepressure
Forserialmanufacturethesensorsystem~havetobemuchsmallerandabletobeintegratedinthetire.Thereforeweimplementedtheintegratedpressurechamber(fig.2)intothetire.Thesensorwasfixedtotherim,themetallicvalveshaftwasusedasthesensor'santenna(fig.4).
Fig.4:
Integratedpressurechamberfixedtotherim,
valveusedasantenna
Foirmprovedimplementationasensorassemblyonlyfittedtothevalvewasdeveloped(fig.5).Thetotalmassoftheunitisonlyafewgrams,thedynamicloadissmallevendrivingathighspeed.
Fig.5:
Pressuresensorforfittingintothevalveshaft
Thcearbasedinterrogationsystemusesspacediversitytodistinguishthesensorsinthetires.Thereforebeloweverycarwinganantennahastobeemployed.Weusedcoaxialcables,hutitisdifficultandexpensivetousethemincars.Ourinvestigationsshowtheapplicabilityoftwistedpairwirestoo.
Fig.6:
Interrogationantennaoncar
Formeasurementwedevelopedasmallsizedinterrogationsystemtransmittingburstsandlookingforthephaseshiftbetweentheresponsesignalbursts.ThesystemwascontrolledbyaonechipmicrocontrollerandabisletodisplaythemeasurementresultonaLCDdisplay.Infig.7aphotographofthesystemisshown.
Fig.7:
Systemforwirelessinterrogationofpassive
SAWsensors(50x100x160mm’)
MEASUREMENTRESULTS
TotestoursensorsandoursystemwemadealotoftestrideswithintheareaandaroundthecityofVienna.Theinterrogationsystemwascoupledtoa
laptopcomputer.Thepressurevaluesweremeasuredandrecordedtoafile.Thefigures8and9showcharacteristicbehaviouroftirepressurefordifferentdrivingconditions.Duetotheshocksfromaruggedlane,intheleftpartoffig.8theabsolutepressurevalueswingsaroundthemeanvaluebytheleastsignificantbit,0.05Bar.Thenarrowhigherpeaksoftirepressurebelongtobrakingmaneuvers(thesensorwasmountedtoafrontwheel).Thelongerincreaseoftirepressureandthefollowingperiodofdecayisduetoridingoveracurbstone.Thesystemshowedhighreliabilityevenwhendrivinginaheavysnowstorm.tirepressure[Bar]
Fig.8:
Tirepressurefordifferentdrivingconditions
Infigure9thepressureintherightfrontwheelcanbeobservedzoomedintimewhilepassingatwotrackgradecrossingwithanadjacentwaterchannelacrossthelane.Duetothedilapidatedarrangementofthegradecrossing,hardshocksaretransmittedtothecarbodycausinghardpressureshocksinthetires.
Fig.9:
Tirepressurecrossingagradecrossingwith
twotracksandawaterchannelacrossthelane
DISCUSSION
SAWsensorswithwirelesslyinterrogationarefreeofmaintenanceandwithstandhighthermalandmechanicalload.Themeasurementperformanceiscomparabletothatofcompetitors.TheeffortincarbasedsystemishigherforSAWsensors,sincetheactivesensorunitstransmitpreconditioneddigitalinformationcontainingpressurevalueandsensorThemajoradvantageofSAWdevicesinidentification.applications,wherehighrevolutionspertimeoccur,istheirlowmass.Thecentrifugalforceism.v*/r,withthemassm,thevelocityvandtheradiusr.Tominimizedynamicmechanicalload,themassofasystemappliedtorotatingpartsshouldbeaslowaspossible.Whereasconventionalsensorunitsfortirepressuremeasurementshaveamassofapprox.20grams,theintegratedpressuresensoritself(fig.5)hasamassoflessthanonegram.ThecompleteSAWsensorunit'smassinworstcaseisonlyafewgrams.ConventionalsystemsarepoweredbyaLithiumbattery.Incaseofaworntire,sincethebatterycannotbechecked,thesensorshouldbereplacedtoo,yieldingproblemsofwastedisposal.Forasystemintegratedinthecarelectronic,itisneedlesstodisplaythepressureofeachtirecontinuously.Here,onlyamalfunctionshouldtriggeranalert.Thesystem'sdisplaycanbecanceled,reducingsystem'scost.
CONCLUSION
TheadvantagewsofpassiveSAWsensorsmakethwemellsuitedforvehicularapplications.Especiallyformeasurementoftirepressurelowmassandthefactthattheyarefreeofmaintenancemakethemtobesuperioroverthecompetitors.TheSAWsensorsforpressuremeasurement,theimplementationintiresandthesystemfor
interrogationwerediscussed.Experimentalresultsoutofalotofmeasurementrideswerepresented.
REFERENCES
[l]Reindl,F.Muller,C.Ruppel,WE.BulstandF.Seifert,Passivesurfacewavesensorswhichcanbe.wirelesslyinterrogated,InternationalPatentApplWO93/13495(1992).
[2]SeifertF.,BulstW.E.,RuppelC.,Mechanicalsensorsbasedonsurfaceacousticwaves,SensorsandActuators,A44(1994)231-239
[3]G.Scholl,T.Ostertag,L.Reindl,H.Scherr,0.Sczesny,U.Wolff,WirelessSAWSensorsforRemoteMeasure
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