《新编语言学教程》练习参考答案doc.docx
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《新编语言学教程》练习参考答案doc.docx
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《新编语言学教程》练习参考答案doc
Introduction
1.Dfinethefollowingtermsbriefly.
(1)linguistics:
thescienceorsystematicstudyoflanguage.
(2)language:
asystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.
(3)arbitrariness:
theabsenceofsimilaritybetweentheformofalinguisticsignandwhatitrelatestoinreality,e.g.theworddogdoesnotlooklikeadog.
(4)duality:
thewaymeaninglesselementsoflanguageatonelevel(soundsandletters)
combinetoformmeaningfulunits(words)atanotherlevel.
(5)competence:
knowledgeofthegrammarofalanguageasaformalabstractionanddistinctfromthebehaviorofactuallanguageuse,i.e.performance.
(6)performance:
Chomsky'stermforactuallanguagebehaviorasdistinctfromtheknowledgethatunderliesit,orcompetence.
(7)stylistics:
thestudyofhowliteraryeffectscanberelatedtolinguisticfeatures.
(8)phaticcommunion:
Languageisusedtoestablishanatmosphereormaintainsocialcontactbetweenthespeakerandthehearer.
(9)functionalism:
thestudyoftheformsoflanguageinreferencetotheirsocialfunctionincommunication.
(10)formalism:
thestudyoftheabstractformsoflanguageandtheirinternalrelations.
(11)synchroniclinguistics:
thestudyoflanguageandspeechastheyareusedatagiven
momentandnotintermsofhowtheyhaveevolvedovertime.
(12)diachroniclinguistics:
thestudyoflinguisticchangeovertimeincontrasttolookingat
languageasitisusedatagivenmoment.
2.No,languageishuman-specific.Humanlanguagehassevendesignfeatures,includingarbitrariness,duality,productivity,interchangeability,displacement,specializationandculturaltransmission.Thesefeaturesarefoundutterlylackingindogs'orpigs'noisesandthussethumanlanguageapartfromanimalcrysystems.
3.Arbitrarinessreferstothefactthatthereisnologicalorintrinsicconnectionbetweenaparticularsoundandthemeaningitisassociatedwith.Forexample,forthesameanimaldog,inEnglishwecallit/dOg/,inChineseas"gou",butt 4.Ahumanbabydoesnotspeakanylanguageatbirth.Whatlanguagethebabyisgoingtospeakisdeterminedbythecultureheisborninto.AChinesebabybomandbroughtupinLondonbyanEnglishfamilywillspeakEnglish,whileanEnglishchildbroughtupinBeijingbyaChineseauntwillspeakChinese.Thatistosay,languagecannotbetransmittedthroughheredity.Itisculturallytransmitted. 5.Firstly,linguisticsdescribeslanguagesanddoesnotlaydownrulesofcorrectnesswhiletraditionalgrammaremphasizescorrectness.Secondly,linguisticsregardsthespokenlanguageasprimary,whiletraditionalgrammaremphasizesthepriorityofthewrittenlanguage.Thirdly,traditionalgrammarisbasedonLatinandittriestoimposetheLatincategoriesandstructuresonotherlanguages,whilelinguisticsdescribeseachlanguageonitsownmerits. 6.Adescriptiveapproachattemptstotellwhatisinthelanguagewhiletheprescriptiveapproachtellspeoplewhatshouldbeinthelanguage.Mostmodernlinguisticsisdescriptive,whereastraditionalgrammarsareprescriptive. 7.Synchroniclinguisticsstudieslanguageatoneparticulartimewhilediachroniclinguisticsstudieslanguagedevelopmentsthroughtime.Synchroniclinguisticsfocusesonthestateoflanguageatanypointinhistorywhilediachroniclinguisticsfocusesonthedifferencesintwoormorethantwostatesoflanguageoverdecadesorcenturies. 8.No,humanlanguagehasthedesignfeatureofspecialization.Itreferstothefactthatmandoesnothaveatotalphysicalinvolvementintheactofcommunication.Forexample,amothercantellastorytoherchildwhileslicingupacake.However,wolvescanonlyrespondtoastimulusandistotallyinvolvedphysicallyinthecommunicationprocess.Thus,awolfcannothavealanguagesimilartoman's,eventhoughitcouldexpressathousanddifferentemotions.Besides,theaspectofproductivityalsodistinguisheshumanlanguagefromwolf'spostures. TheSoundsofLaneuaee 1.Dfineeachofthefollowingtermsbriefly. (1)articulator: thetongue,lips,andvelum,whichchangetheshapeofthevocaltracttoproducedifferentspeechsounds. (2)assimilation: aphonologicalprocesswherebyasoundbecomesphoneticallysimilar(oridentical)toaneighboringsound,e.g.avowelbecomes[+nasal]whenfollowedbya[+nasal]consonant. (3)consonant: aspeechsoundproducedbypartialorcompleteclosureofpartofthevocaltract,thusobstructingtheairflowandcreatingaudiblefriction.Consonantsaredescribedintermsofvoicing,placeofarticulation,andmannerofarticulation. (4)elision: theleaving
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