英国自然资源.docx
- 文档编号:28980890
- 上传时间:2023-07-20
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:15
- 大小:27.21KB
英国自然资源.docx
《英国自然资源.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《英国自然资源.docx(15页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
英国自然资源
英国自然资源
GeographyoftheUnitedKingdom
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
Jumpto:
navigation,search
TheUnitedKingdomoccupiesasubstantialpartoftheBritishIsles.
TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland,orUK,isasovereignstatelocatedoffthenorthwesterncoastofcontinentalEurope.Withatotalareaofapproximately243,610squarekilometres(94,060sqmi),theUKoccupiesthemajorpartoftheBritishIsles[1]archipelagoandincludestheislandofGreatBritain,thenorth-easternone-sixthoftheislandofIrelandandmanysmallersurroundingislands.Themainlandareasliebetweenlatitudes49°Nand59°N(theShetlandIslandsreachtonearly61°N),andlongitudes8°Wto2°E.TheRoyalGreenwichObservatory,inSouthEastLondon,isthedefiningpointofthePrimeMeridian.
TheUKliesbetweentheNorthAtlanticandtheNorthSea,andcomeswithin35km(22mi)ofthenorthwestcoastofFrance,fromwhichitisseparatedbytheEnglishChannel.Itsharesa360kminternationallandboundarywiththeRepublicofIreland.TheChannelTunnelboredbeneaththeEnglishChannel,nowlinkstheUKwithFrance.
TheBritishOverseasTerritoriesandCrownDependenciesarecoveredintheirownrespectivearticles,seebelow.
Content是
∙1Area
∙2Physicalgeography
o2.1Geology
o2.2Mountainsandhills
o2.3Riversandlakes
o2.4Artificialwaterways
o2.5Coastline
▪2.5.1Inlets
▪2.5.2Headlands
o2.6Islands
o2.7Climate
∙3Humangeography
o3.1Demographics
o3.2Politicalgeography
▪3.2.1Nationalgovernment
▪3.2.2Localgovernment
o3.3Economicgeography
▪3.3.1Primaryindustry
▪3.3.2Manufacturing
▪3.3.3Financeandservices
▪3.3.4Regionaldisparity
∙4Naturalresources
∙5Environment
o5.1Currentissues
o5.2Internationalagreements
∙6Antipodes
∙7Geographyofdependencies
o7.1Crowndependencies
o7.2Overseasterritories
∙8Seealso
∙9References
∙10Externallinks
Area
ThetotalareaoftheUnitedKingdomisapproximately245,000squarekilometres(94,600sqmi),comprisingtheislandofGreatBritain,thenortheasternone-sixthoftheislandofIreland(NorthernIreland)andmanysmallerislands.EnglandisthelargestcountryoftheUnitedKingdom,at130,410squarekilometres(50,350sqmi)accountingforjustoverhalfthetotalareaoftheUK.Scotlandat78,772squarekilometres(30,410sqmi),[2]issecondlargest,accountingforaboutathirdoftheareaoftheUK.WalesandNorthernIrelandaremuchsmaller,covering20,758squarekilometres(8,010sqmi)and14,160squarekilometres(5,470sqmi)respectively.
TheareaofthecountriesoftheUnitedKingdomissetoutinthetablebelow.InformationabouttheareaofEngland,thelargestcountry,isalsobrokendownbyregion.
Rank
Name
Area
1
England
130,427km²
–SouthWest[3]
–EastofEngland
–SouthEast[4]
–EastMidlands
–YorkshireandtheHumber
–NorthWest[5]
–WestMidlands[6]
–NorthEast[7]
–London[8]
23,837km²
19,120km²
19,096km²
15,627km²
15,420km²
14,165km²
12,998km²
8,592km²
1,572km²
2
Scotland[9]
78,772km²
3
Wales[10]
20,778km²
4
NorthernIreland
13,843km²
UnitedKingdom
243,820km²
Overseasterritories
1,727,570km²
TheBritishAntarcticTerritory,whichcoversanareaof1,709,400km2isgeographicallythelargestoftheBritishOverseasTerritoriesfollowedbytheFalklandIslandswhichcoversanareaof12,173km2.Theremainingtwelveoverseasterritoriescoveranarea5,997km2.
Physicalgeography
UK'stopography
ThephysicalgeographyoftheUKvariesgreatly.Englandconsistsofmostlylowlandterrain,withuplandormountainousterrainonlyfoundnorth-westoftheTees-Exeline.TheuplandareasincludetheLakeDistrict,thePennines,ExmoorandDartmoor.Thelowlandareasaretypicallytraversedbyrangesoflowhills,frequentlycomposedofchalk.ThephysicalgeographyofScotlandisdistinguishedbytheHighlandBoundaryFaultwhichtraversestheScottishmainlandfromHelensburghtoStonehaven.ThefaultlineseparatesthetwodistinctivelydifferentregionsoftheHighlandstothenorthandwest,andthelowlandstothesouthandeast.Walesismostlymountainous,thoughsouthWalesislessmountainousthannorthandmidWales.ThegeographyofIrelandincludestheMourneMountainsaswellasLoughNeagh,at388squarekilometres(150sqmi),thelargestbodyofwaterintheUKandIreland.[11]
TheoverallgeomorphologyoftheUKwasshapedbythecombinedforcesoftectonicsandclimatechange,inparticularglaciation.
TheexactcentreoftheislandofGreatBritainisdisputed.DependinguponhowitiscalculateditcanbeeitherHaltwhistleinNorthumberland,orDunsopBridgeinLancashire.
Geology
Seealso:
GeologyofGreatBritainandGeologyofIreland
ThegeologyoftheUKiscomplexanddiverse,aresultofitbeingsubjecttoavarietyofplatetectonicprocessesoveraveryextendedperiodoftime.Changinglatitudeandsealevelshavebeenimportantfactorsinthenatureofsedimentarysequences,whilstsuccessivecontinentalcollisionshaveaffecteditsgeologicalstructurewithmajorfaultingandfoldingbeingalegacyofeachorogeny(mountain-buildingperiod),oftenassociatedwithvolcanicactivityandthemetamorphismofexistingrocksequences.Asaresultofthiseventfulgeologicalhistory,theUKshowsarichvarietyoflandscapes.[12]
TheoldestrocksintheBritishIslesaretheLewisiangneisses,metamorphicrocksfoundinthefarnorthwestofScotlandandintheHebrides(withafewsmalloutcropselsewhere),whichdatefromatleast2,700Ma(Ma=millionyearsago).SouthofthegneissesareacomplexmixtureofrocksformingtheNorthWestHighlandsandGrampianHighlandsinScotland.Theseareessentiallytheremainsoffoldedsedimentaryrocksthatweredepositedbetween1,000Maand670MaoverthegneissonwhatwasthentheflooroftheIapetusOcean.
At520Ma,whatisnowGreatBritainwassplitbetweentwocontinents;thenorthofScotlandwaslocatedonthecontinentofLaurentiaatabout20°southoftheequator,whiletherestofthecountrywasonthecontinentofGondwananeartheAntarcticCircle.InGondwana,EnglandandWaleswerelargelysubmergedunderashallowseastuddedwithvolcanicislands.TheremainsoftheseislandsunderliemuchofcentralEnglandwithsmalloutcropsvisibleinmanyplaces.
About500MasouthernBritain,theeastcoastofNorthAmericaandsouth-eastNewfoundlandbrokeawayfromGondwanatoformthecontinentofAvalonia,whichby440Mahaddriftedtoabout30°south.DuringthisperiodnorthWaleswassubjecttovolcanicactivity.Theremainsofthesevolcanoesarestillvisible,oneexampleofwhichisRhobellFawrdatingfrom510Ma.LargequantitiesofvolcaniclavaandashknownastheBorrowdaleVolcanicscoveredtheLakeDistrictandthiscanstillbeseenintheformofmountainssuchasHelvellynandScafellPike.
Between425and400MaAvaloniahadjoinedwiththecontinentofBaltica,andthecombinedlandmasscollidedwithLaurentiaatabout20°south,joiningthesouthernandnorthernhalvesofGreatBritaintogether.TheresultingCaledonianOrogenyproducedanAlpine-stylemountainrangeinmuchofnorthandwestBritain.
ThecollisionbetweencontinentscontinuedduringtheDevonianperiod,producingupliftandsubsequenterosion,resultinginthedepositionofnumeroussedimentaryrocklayersinlowlandsandseas.TheOldRedSandstonefoundinDevonoriginatedfromtheseprocesses.
Around360MaGreatBritainwaslyingattheequator,coveredbythewarmshallowwatersoftheRheicOcean,duringwhichtimetheCarboniferousLimestonewasdeposited,asfoundintheMendipHillsandthePeakDistrictofDerbyshire.Later,riverdeltasformedandthesedimentsdepositedwerecolonisedbyswampsandrainforest.ItwasinthisenvironmentthattheCoalMeasureswereformed,thesourceofthemajorityofBritain'sextensivecoalreserves.
Around280MatheVariscanorogenymountain-buildingperiodoccurred,againduetocollisionofcontinentalplates,causingmajordeformationinsouthwestEngland.ThegeneralregionofVariscanfoldingwassouthofaneast–westlineroughlyfromsouthPembrokeshiretoKent.TowardstheendofthisperiodgranitewasformedbeneaththeoverlyingrocksofDevonandCornwall,nowexposedatDartmoorandBodminMoor.
BytheendoftheCarboniferousperiodthevariouscontinentsoftheEarthhadfusedtoformthesuper-continentofPangaea.BritainwaslocatedintheinteriorofPangeawhereitwassubjecttoahotariddesertclimatewithfrequentflashfloodsleavingdepositsthatformedbedsofredsedimentaryrock.
AsPangaeadriftedduringtheTriassic,GreatBritainmovedawayfromtheequatoruntilitwasbetween20°and30°north.TheremnantsoftheVariscanuplandsinFrancetothesouthwereerodeddown,resultinginlayersoftheNewRedSandstonebeingdepositedacrosscentralEngland.
PangaeabegantobreakupatthestartoftheJurassicperiod.SealevelsroseandBritainandIrelanddriftedontheEurasianPlatetobetween30°and40°north.MuchoftheBritishIsleswereunderwateragain,andsedimentaryrocksweredepositedandcannowbefoundunderlyingmuchofEnglandfromtheClevelandHillsofYorkshiretotheJurassicCoastinDorset.Theseincludesandstones,greensands,ooliticlimestoneoftheCotswoldHills,corallianlimestoneoftheValeofWhiteHorseandtheIsleofPortland.TheburialofalgaeandbacteriabelowthemudoftheseafloorduringthistimeresultedintheformationofNorthSeaoilandnaturalgas
Themoderncontinentshavingformed,theCretaceoussawtheformationoftheAtlanticOcean,graduallyseparatingnorthernScotlandfromNorthAmerica.The
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 英国 自然资源
![提示](https://static.bdocx.com/images/bang_tan.gif)