新概念英语课文.docx
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新概念英语课文.docx
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新概念英语课文
1
NEWCONCEPTENGLISH(IV)
(newversion)
2
Lesson1FindingFossilman
Wecanreadofthingsthathappened5,000yearsagointheNearEast,wherepeoplefirstlearnedtowrite.Buttherearesomepartsoftheworldwhereevennowpeoplecannotwrite.Theonlywaythattheycanpreservetheirhistoryistorecountitassagas--legendshandeddownfromonegenerationofstory-tellerstoanother.Theselegendsareusefulbecausetheycantellussomethingaboutmigrationsofpeoplewholivedlongago,butnonecouldwritedownwhattheydid.
AnthropologistswonderedwheretheremoteancestorsofthePolynesianpeoplesnowlivinginthePacificIslands
disappearedwithouttrace.
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Lesson2Sparethatspider
Why,youmaywonder,shouldspidersbeourfriends?
Becausetheydestroysomanyinsects,andinsectsincludesomeofthegreatestenemiesofthehumanrace.Insectswouldmakeitimpossibleforustoliveintheworld;theywoulddevourallourcropsandkillourflocksandherds,ifitwerenotfortheprotectionwegetfrominsect-eatinganimals.WeowealottothebirdsandbeastswhoeatinsectsbutallofthemputtogetherkillonlyafractionofthenumberdestroyedspidersmadeacensusofthespidersinagrassfieldinthesouthofEngland,andheestimatedthatthereweremorethan2,250,000inoneacre,thatissomethinglike6,000,000spidersofdifferentkindsonafootballpitch.Spidersarebusyforatleasthalftheyearinkillinginsects.Itisimpossibletomakemorethanthewildestguessathowmanytheykill,buttheyarehungrycreatures,notcontentwithonlythreemealsaday.Ithasbeenestimatedthattheweightofalltheinsects
destroyedbyspidersinBritaininoneyearwouldbegreaterthanthetotal
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Lesson3Matterhornman
Modernalpiniststrytoclimbmountainsbyaroutewhichwillgivethemgoodsport,andthemoredifficultitis,themorehighlyitisregarded.Inthepioneeringdays,however,thiswasnotthecaseatall.Theearlyclimberswerelookingfortheeasiestwaytothetopbecausethesummitwastheprizetheysought,especiallyifithadneverbeenattainedbefore.Itistruethatduringtheirexplorationstheyoftenfaceddifficultiesanddangersofthemostperilousnature,equipped
inamannerwhichwouldmakeamodernclimbershudderatthethought,buttheydidnotgooutoftheirwaytocourtsuchexcitement.Theyhadasingleaim,asolitarygoal--thetop!
Itishardforustorealizenowadayshowdifficultitwasforthepioneers.ExceptforoneortwoplacessuchasZermattandChamonix,whichhadrapidlybecomepopular,Alpinevillagestendedtobeimpoverishedsettlementscutofffromcivilizationbythehighmountains.Suchinnsastherewereweregenerallydirtyandflea-ridden;thefoodsimplylocalcheeseaccompaniedbybreadoften
twelvemonthsold,allwasheddownwithcoarsewine.Oftenavalleyboastednoinnatall,andclimbersfoundshelterwherevertheycould--sometimeswiththelocalpriest(whowasusuallyaspoorashisparishioners),sometimeswithshepherdsorcheesemakers.Invariablythebackgroundwasthesame:
dirtandpoverty,andveryuncomfortable.Formenaccustomedtoeating
seven-coursedinnersandsleepingbetweenfinelinensheetsathome,thechangetotheAlps
musthavebeenveryhardindeed.
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Lesson4Seeinghands
IntheSovietUnionseveralcaseshavebeenreportedrecentlyofpeoplewhocanreadanddetectcolourswiththeirfingers,andevenseethroughsoliddoorsandwalls.Onecaseconcernsan'eleven-year-oldschoolgirl,VeraPetrova,whohasnormalvisionbutwhocanalsoperceivethingswithdifferentpartsofherskin,andthroughsolidwalls.Thisabilitywasfirstnoticedbyherfather.Onedayshecameintohisofficeandhappenedtoputherhandsonthedoorofalockedsafe.
SuddenlysheaskedherfatherwhyhekeptsomanyoldnewspapersinthetownofUIyanovsk,nearwhereshelives,andinAprilshewasgivenaseriesoftestsbyaspecialcommissionoftheMinistryofHealthoftheRussianFederalRepublic.Duringthesetestsshewasabletoreadanewspaperthroughanopaquescreenand,strangerstill,bymovingherelbowoverachild'sgameofLottoshewasabletodescribethefiguresandcoloursprintedonit;and,inanotherinstance,wearingstockingsandslippers,tomakeoutwithherfoottheoutlinesandcoloursofapicturehiddenunderacarpet.Otherexperimentsshowedthatherkneesandshouldershadasimilarsensitivity.DuringallthesetestsVerawasblindfold;and,indeed,exceptwhenblindfoldshelackedtheabilitytoperceivethingswithherskin.ltwasalsofoundthatalthoughshecouldperceivethingswithherfingersthisabilityceasedthemomentherhandswerewet.
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Lesson5Youth
Peoplearealwaystalkingabout'theproblemofyouth'.Ifthereisone—whichItakeleavetodoubt--thenitisolderpeoplewhocreateit,nottheyoungthemselves.Letusgetdowntofundamentalsandagreethattheyoungareafterallhumanbeings--peoplejustliketheirelders.Thereisonlyonedifferencebetweenanoldmanandayoungone:
theyoungmanhasagloriousfuturebeforehimandtheoldonehasasplendidfuturebehindhim:
andmaybethatiswheretherubis.WhenIwasateenager,IfeltthatIwasjustyounganduncertain--thatIwasanewboyinahugeschool,andIwouldhavebeenverypleasedtoberegardedassomethingsointerestingasaproblem.Foronething,beingaproblemgivesyouacertainidentity,andthatisoneofthethingstheyoungarebusilyengagedinseeking.Ifindyoungpeopleexciting.Theyhaveanairoffreedom,andtheyhavenotadrearycommitmenttomeanambitionsorloveofcomfort.Theyarenotanxioussocialclimbers,andtheyhavenodevotiontomaterialthings.Allthisseemstometolinkthemwithlife,andtheoriginsofthings.It'sasiftheywereinsomesensecosmicbeingsinviolentandlovelycontrastwithussuburbancreatures.AllthatisinmymindwhenImeetayoungperson.Hemaybeconceited,illmannered,presumptuousoffatuous,butIdonotturnforprotectiontodrearyclichésaboutrespectforelders--asifmereagewereareasonforrespect.I
acceptthatweareequals,andIwillarguewithhim,asanequal,ifIthinkheiswrong.
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Lesson6Thesportingspirit
IamalwaysamazedwhenIhearpeoplesayingthatsportcreatesgoodwillbetween
thenations,andthatifonlythecommonpeoplesoftheworldcouldmeet
oneanotheratfootballorcricket,theywouldhavenoinclinationtomeeton
thebattlefield.Evenifonedidn'tknowfromconcreteexamples(the1936
OlympicGames,forinstance)thatinternationalsportingcontestsleadtoorgies
ofhatred,onecoulddeduceitfromgeneralprinciples.
Nearlyallthesportspractisednowadaysarecompetitive.Youplaytowin,
andthegamehaslittlemeaningunlessyoudoyourutmosttowin.Onthevillage
green,whereyoupickupsidesandnofeelingoflocalpatriotismisinvolved,it
ispossibletoplaysimplyforthefunandexercise:
butassoonasthequestionof
prestigearises,assoonasyoufeelthatyouandsomelargerunitwillbedisgraced
ifyoulose,themostsavagecombativeinstinctsarearoused.Anyonewho
hasplayedeveninaschoolfootballmatchknowsthis.Attheinternationallevel
sportisfranklymimicwarfare.Butthesignificantthingisnotthebehaviourof
theplayersbuttheattitudeofthespectators:
and,behindthespectators,ofthe
nations.whoworkthemselvesintofuriesovertheseabsurdcontests,andseriously
believe--atanyrateforshortperiods--thatrunning,jumpingandkickingaball
aretestsofnationalvirtue.
刘晓华
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Lesson7Bats
Notallsoundsmadebyanimalsserveaslanguage,andwehaveonlytoturnto
thatextraordinarydiscoveryofecho-locationinbatstoseeacaseinwhichthe
voiceplaysastrictlyutilitarianrole.
Togetafullappreciationofwhatthismeanswemustturnfirsttosomerecent
humaninventions.Everyoneknowsthatifheshoutsinthevicinityofawallor
amountainside,anechowillcomeback.Thefurtheroffthissolidobstruction
thelongertimewillelapseforthereturnoftheecho.Asoundmadebytapping
onthehullofashipwillbereflectedfromtheseabottom,andbymeasuringthe
timeintervalbetweenthetapsandthereceiptoftheechoesthedepthofthe
seaatthatpointcanbecalculated.Sowasborntheecho-soundingapparatus,
nowingeneraluseinships.Everysolidobjectwillreflectasound,varyingaccording
tothesizeandnatureoftheobject.Ashoaloffishwilldothis.Soitisa
comparativelysimplestepfromlocatingtheseabottomtolocatingashoalof
fish.Withexperience,andwithimprovedapparatus,itisnowpossiblenotonly
tolocateashoalbuttotellifitisherring,cod,orotherwell-knownfish,bythe
patternofitsecho.
Afewyearsagoitwasfoundthatcertainbatsemitsqueaksandbyreceiving
theechoestheycouldlocateandsteerclearofobstacles--orlocateflyinginsects
onwhichtheyfeed.Thisecho-locationinbatsisoftencomparedwithradar,the
principleofwhichissimilar.
刘晓华
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*Lesson8Tradingstandards
ChickensslaughteredintheUnitedStates,claimofficialsinBrussels,arenotfittograceEuropeantables.No,
saytheAmericans:
ourfowlarefine,wesimplycleantheminadifferentway.Thesedays,itisdifferencesin
nationalregulations,farmorethantariffs,thatputsandinthewheelsoftradebetweenrichcountries.Itisnot
justfarmerswhoarecomplaining.AnelectricrazorthatmeetstheEuropeanUnion’ssafetystandardsmustbe
approvedbyAmericantestersbeforeitcanbesoldintheUnitedStates,andanAmerican-madedialysismachine
needstheEU’sokaybeforeithitsthemarketinEurope.
Asithappens,arazorthatissafeinEurope
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