英语快速阅读匹配题练习.docx

英语快速阅读匹配题练习.docx

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英语快速阅读匹配题练习

快速阅读匹配题练习

Task1

Directions:

 Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.

DefinitionsofObesity

A）Howdoesonedefinewhenapersonisconsideredtobeobeseandnotjustsomewhatoverweight?

Height-weighttablesgivean approximate guidelineastowhetheroneissimplyoverweightorhaspassedintotheobesestage.

B）TheWorldHealthOrganizationrecommendsusinga formula thattakesintoaccountaperson'sheightandweight.The"BodyMassIndex"（BMI）iscalculatedbydividingtheperson'sweightinkilogramsbythesquareoftheirheightinmeters,andisthusgiveninunitsofkg/m2.ABMIof18.5-24.9isconsideredtobethehealthiest.ABMIofbetween25and29.9isconsideredtobeoverweight,whileaBMIofover30isconsideredtobeobese.

C）However,itisrecognizedthatthisdefinitionislimitedasitdoesnottakeintoaccountsuchvariablesasage,genderandethnicorigin,thelatterbeingimportantasdifferentethnicgroupshaveverydifferentfatdistributions.Anothershortcomingisthatitisnotapplicabletocertainverymuscularpeoplesuchasathletesandbodybuilders,whocanalsohaveartificiallyhighBMIs.AgenciessuchastheNationalCholesterolEducationProgram（NCEP）intheUSAandtheInternationalDiabetesFoundation（IDF）arestartingtodefineobesityinadultssimplyintermsof waist circumference.

HealthEffectsofObesity

D）Over2000yearsago,theGreekphysicianHippocrateswrotethat"personswhoarenaturallyveryfatareapttodieearlierthanthosewhoareslender".Thisobservationremainsverytruetoday.Obesityhasamajorimpactonaperson'sphysical,socialandemotionalwell-being.Itincreasestheriskofdevelopingdiabetesmellitustype2（"matureonsetdiabetes"）andalsomakesType2diabetesmoredifficulttocontrol.Thusweightlossimprovesthelevelsofbloodglucoseandbloodfats,andreducesbloodpressure.Theassociationbetweenobesityandcoronaryheartdiseaseisalsowell-known.

Cancer

E）Furthermore,in2001medicalresearchersestablishedalinkbetweenbeingoverweightandcertainformsofcancer,andestimatedthatnearly10,000Britonsperyeardevelopcancerasaresultofbeingoverweight.Thisfigurewasmadeupof5,893womenand3,220men,withthestrongestassociationsbeingwithbreastandcoloncancers.However,itisthoughtthatbeingoverweightmayalsoincreasetheriskofcancerinthereproductiveorgansforwomenandintheprostateglandformen.

F）Thelinkbetweenbreastcancerandnutritionalstatusisthoughttobeduetothesteroid hormonesoestrogenandprogesterone,whichareproducedbytheovaries,andgovernawoman'smenstrualcycle.Researchershavefoundthatthemoreawomaneats,orthemoresedentaryherlifestyle,thehigheraretheconcentrationsofprogesterone.Thislinkcouldexplainwhywomenfromlessaffluentcountrieshavelowerratesofbreastcancer.Womenfromlessaffluentnationstendtoeatlessfoodandtoleadlifestyleswhichinvolvemoredailymovement.Thislowerstheirprogesteronelevel,resultinginlower predisposition tobreastcancer.

G）TheTimesnewspaper,in2002reportedthatobesitywasthemainavoidablecauseofcanceramongnon-smokersintheWesternworld!

Aging

H）ResearchpublishedbyStThomas'Hospital,London,UKin2005showedacorrelationbetweenbodyfatandaging,totheextentthatbeingobeseadded8.8yearstoawoman'sbiologicalage.Theeffectwasexacerbatedbysmoking,andanon-overweightwomanwhosmokes20cigarettesadayfor20yearsadded7.4yearstotheirbiologicalage.Thecombinationofbeingobeseandasmokeraddedatleasttenyearstoawoman’sbiologicalage,andalthoughthestudyonlyinvolvedwomen,theleadresearcherProfessorTimSpectorbelievesthefindingwouldalsoapplytomen.

I）Theagingeffectwasdeterminedbymeasuringthelengthoftelomeres,tiny"caps"ontheendsofchromosomes,whichhelpprotecttheDNAfromtheageingprocess.Indeed,telomereshavebeendubbedthe"chromosomalclock"because,asanorganismages,theybecomeprogressivelyshorter,andcanbeusedtodeterminetheageoftheorganism.Beyondacertainpoint,thetelomerebecomessoshortthatitisnolongerabletopreventtheDNAofthechromosomefromfallingapart.Itisbelievedthatexcessbodyfat,andthechemicalspresentintobaccosmokereleasefreeradicalswhichtriggerinflammation.Inflammationcausestheproductionofwhitebloodcellswhichincreasestherateoferosionoftelomeres.

Dementia

J）Recentresearch（2005）conductedintheUSAshowsthatobesityinmiddleageislinkedtoanincreasedriskof dementia,withobesepeopleintheir40sbeing74%morelikelytodevelopdementiacomparedtothoseofnormalweight.Forthosewhoaremerelyoverweight,thelifetimeriskofdementiariskwas35%higher.

K）ScientistsfromtheAgingResearchCentreattheKarolinskaInstituteinSwedenhavebeenabletotakeinformationsuchasage,numberofyearsineducation,gender,bodymassindex,bloodpressurelevel,physicalactivityandgeneticfactors,assigningeachariskscore.Theythenusedthisinformationtodeviseapredictivetestfordementia.Thistestwillenablepeopleatrisk,forthefirsttime,tobeabletoaffectlifestylechangeswhichwillreducetheirriskofcontractingdementia.

OtherProblems

L）Theworld-wideupsurgeinobesity,particularlyinchildren,isofmajoreconomicconcern,liabletodraineconomies.OffurtherconcernisthatresearchconductedinAustraliaandpublishedin2006,showsthatuptoonethirdofbreechpregnancieswereundetectedbythetraditional"palpation"examination,thedangerbeinggreatestforthosewomenwhoareoverweightorobese—agrowingproportionofmothers.Thismeansthatsuchwomenarenotgettingthetreatmentrequiredtoturnthebabyaroundintimeforthebirth,andinmanycasesrequireanemergencyCaesareansection.

M）Thisisatruehealth-carecrisis,farbiggerthanSevereAcuteRespiratorySyndrome（SARS）andultimately,evenbiggerthanAIDS.

1.Youcanjudgewhetheroneissimplyoverweightorhaspassedintotheobesestageaccordingtotheheight-weighttable.

2.Usingthe"BodyMassIndex"todefineaperson'sweightidealislimited,becauseitdoesnottakesintoaccountmanyvariablessuchasage,genderandethnicorigin.

3.Aperson'semotionalwell-beingwouldbeaffectedbyobesity.

4.Obesityhassomethingtodowithcancerintheprostateglandforman.

5.Womenfromlessaffluentnationstendtohavemuchlessbreastcancer.

6.Anon-overweightwomanwhosmokes20cigarettesadayfor20yearsadded7.4yearstoherbiologicalage.

7.Theexcessbodyfat,likethechemicalspresentintobaccosmoke,canleadtoinflammation.

8.Obesepeopleinmiddleagerunanincreasedriskofdementia.

9.Thepredictivetestfordementiawillhelppeopletoaffectlifestylechangesthatwillreducetheirriskofcontractingdementia.

10.Theworld-wideupsurgeinobesity,particularlyinchildren,willpossiblydraineconomies.

Task2

Directions:

 Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter. 

Paper--MorethanMeetstheEye

A）Wearesurroundedbysomuchpaperandcardthatitiseasytoforgetjusthowcomplexitis.Therearemanyvarietiesandgradesofpapermaterials,and whilst itisfairlyeasytospotthevarieties,itisfarmoredifficulttospotthegrades.

B）Itneedstobeunderstoodthatmostpaperandcardismanufacturedforaspecificpurpose,sothatwhilstthecorn-flakepacketmaylooksmart,itisclearlynotsomethingdestinedforthearchives.Itismadetolookgood,butonlyneedsalimitedlifespan.Itisalsomuchcheapertomanufacturethanhighgradecard.

C）Papercanbemadefromanalmostendlessvarietyofcellulose-basedmaterialwhichwillincludemanywoods,cottonsandgrassesorwhich papyrus isanexampleandfromwherewegettheword"paper".Manyoftheseareveryspecialized,butthepreponderance ofpapermakinghasbeenfromsoftwoodandcottonor rags,withthebulkbeingwood-based.

PaperfromWood

D）Inordertomakewoodintopaperitneedstobebrokendownintofinestrands.Firstlybypowerful machinery andthenboiledwithstrongalkaliessuchascausticsoda,untilafine pulp of cellulose fibersisproduced.Itisfromthispulpthatthefinalproductismade,relyingonthebondingtogetherofthecelluloseintolayers.That,inaverysmallnutshell,istheessenceofpapermakingfromwood.However,therealityisrathermorecomplicated.Inordertogiveusourwhitepaperandcard,themakerswilladd bleach andothermaterialssuchaschinaclayandadditionalchemicals.

E）Afurtherproblemwithwoodisthatitcontainsamaterialthatisnotcellulose.Somethingcalled lignin.Thisisessentialforthetreesinceitholdsthecellulosefibrestogether,butifitisincorporatedintothemanufacturedpaperitpresentsarchivistswithaproblem.Lignineventuallybreaksdownandreleasesacidproductsintothepaper.Thiswillweakenthebondbetweenthecellulosefibersandthepaperwillbecomebrittleandlookratherbrownandcareworn.Wehaveallseenthisinoldnewspapersandcheappaperbackbooks.Ithasbeenestimatedthatmostpaperbackbookswillhavealifeofnotgreaterthanfiftyyears.Notwhatweneedforour