Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary 英语词汇详细知识点.docx

Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary 英语词汇详细知识点.docx

《Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary 英语词汇详细知识点.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary 英语词汇详细知识点.docx（71页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

BasicConceptsofWordsandVocabulary英语词汇详细知识点

BasicConceptsofWordsandVocabulary

Whatislexicology?

☐Lexicologyisabranchoflinguisticsconcernedwiththestudyofthevocabularyofagivenlanguage.Itdealswithwords,theirorigin,development,structure,formation,meaningandusage.Inshort,itisthestudyofthesignificationandapplicationofwords.

WhatIsaWord?

Awordisaminimalfreeformofalanguagethathasagivensound,meaningandsyntacticfunction.

词是具有一定的声音、意义和语法功能，能独立运用的最小的语言单位。

Whatisvocabulary?

ØThetotalnumberofthewordsinalanguage.

ØAllthewordsusedinaparticularhistoricalperiod.

ØAllthewordsofagivendialect,agivenbook,agivendisciplineandthewordspossessedbyanindividualperson.

VocabularySize

⏹Speakingvocabulary----activevocabulary

⏹writingvocabulary------activevocabulary

⏹readingvocabulary------passivevocabulary

⏹guessvocabulary--------passivevocabulary

⏹Languagecanbedefinedas“anarbitraryvocalsystemusedforhumancommunication”.Bysystemwemeanthattheelementsinalanguagearearrangedaccordingtocertainrules,butnotatrandom.Elementsatalowerlevelarecombinedaccordingtocertainrulestoformelementsatahigherlevel.

⏹Specially,Languagepresentsitselfasahierarchyindifferentaspects.Asisshowninthefollowinghierarchicalrankscale,languagerisesformmorphemeatthebottomuptothesentenceatthetopintermsoflexicography.（词典编纂）

2.1Morpheme

⏹1.Whatisamorpheme（词素）?

Themorphemeisthesmallestfunctioningunitinthecompositionofwords,notdivisibleoranalyzableintosmallerforms.

⏹WhatisusuallyconsideredasinglewordinEnglishmaybecomposedofoneormoremorphemes:

⏹Onemorpheme---nation

⏹Twomorphemes---nation-al

⏹Threemorphemes---nation-al-ize

⏹Fourmorphemes---de-nation-al-ize（使…非国有化）

⏹Morethanfourmorphemes---de-nation-al-iz-ation

⏹Sowecandefinemorphemeinthisway:

thesmallestunitintermsofrelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent,aunitwhichcannotbedividedwithoutdestroyingordrasticallyalteringthemeaning,whetheritislexicalorgrammatical.

■Amorphemeisatwo-facetlanguageunitinthatitpossessesbothsoundandmeaning.

Amorphemevs.Aword

Morphemesoccurinspeechonlyasconstituentpartsofwords.Theycannotbeusedindependently,althoughawordmayconsistofasinglemorpheme.Noraremorphemesdivisibleintosmallermeaningfulunits.Thatiswhythemorphememaybedefinedastheminimummeaningfullanguageunit.

2.Allomorph（形位变体，词[语]素变体）

⏹Sometimesamorphememayhavetwoormoredifferentmorphologicalformsorphoneticforms,dependingonthecontextinwhichitoccurs.

⏹Forexample,theprefixsubcanberealizedassubasinsubway,supasinsupportandsuppress,sucasinsucceed,andsusasinsustain.Thatis,whensuboccursbeforearootbeginningwiththesound/p/itisrealizedassupandwhenitisaddedarootwithabeginningsound/k/andabeginninglettercitisrealizedassuc.

⏹Thesedifferentmorphologicalorphoneticformsofamorphemeareallomorphsofthemorpheme.

Allomorphs（词素变体）:

⏹Anallomorphisanyofthevariantformsofamorphemeasconditionedbypositionoradjoiningsounds.Forexample

☐ion/-tion/-sion/-ationarethepositionalvariantsofthesamesuffix.

☐Verbsendingwiththesound/t/usuallytake–ion（asininvent,invention）;

☐verdsendingwithconsonantsotherthan/t/take–tion（asindescribe,description）;

☐verbsendingin–ifyand–izetake–ation（asinjustify,justification;modernize,modernization）;

☐verbsendingin–d,-de,or–mit,take–sion（asinexpansion,decision,omission）;thereareexceptions:

attend,attention;convert,conversion,etc.

Allomorphsalsooccuramongprefixes.Theirformthendependsonthefirstletteroftheverbtowhichtheywillbeadded.

e.g.

im-beforep,b,orm,imperfect,imbalance,immobile;

ir-beforer,irresponsible,irregular;

il-beforel,illegal,illogical;

in-beforeallotherconsonantsandvowels,inflexible,inexcusable;

im-,ir-,andil-arethusallomorphsofthemorpheme,in-.

2.2ClassificationofMorpheme

1.Freemorphemesandboundmorphemes

Freemorphemes（自由词素）：

Morphemeswhichareindependentofothermorphemesareconsideredtobefree.Freemorphemeshavecompletemeaningsinthemselvesandcanbeusedasfreegrammaticalunitsinsentences.Afreemorphemeisonethatmayconstituteaword（freeform）byitself,inthetraditionalsense.

e.g.man,faith,read,write,red

Boundmorphemes（粘附词素）:

morphemesthatcannotoccurasseparatewords.Itcannotstandbyitselfasacompleteutterance;itmustappearwithatleastoneothermorpheme,freeorbound.Unlikefreemorphemes,theydonothaveindependentsemanticmeaning;instead,theyhaveattachedmeaningorgrammaticalmeaning.

e.g.-ly,re-,-ed,-s

Boundmorphemecanchangethemeaningorwordclassofaword,

e.g.fitandunfit,broadandbraoden;

Itcanalsohavegrammaticalfunction,e.g.bookandbooks.

2.Rootandaffix

⏹Alternatively,morphemesmaybedividedintoroots（orrootmorphemes）andaffixes（oraffixationalmorphemes）.

⏹a.Freeroot:

InEnglishmanyrootsarefreemorphemes,suchasboy,moon,walk,black（i.e.theycanstandaloneaswords）.

⏹

⏹Awordconsistingofonefreeroot（oronemorpheme）isasimplewords.Freeroots,justlikesimplewords,belongtothebasicword-stock,andhavethefundamentalfeaturesofthebasicword-stock.FreerootsprovidetheEnglishlanguagewithbasisfortheformationofnewwords.

b.Boundroots:

Quiteanumberofrootsderivedfromforeignsources,esp.fromGreekandLatin,belongtotheclassofboundmorphemes.

Aboundrootisthatpartofthewordthatcarriesthefundamentalmeaningjustlikeafreeroot.Unlikeafreeroot,itisaboundformandhastocombinewithothermorphemestomakewords.

Aroot,whetheritisfreeorbound,generallycarriesthemaincomponentofmeaninginaword.

Noticewhatthefollowingwordshaveincommon:

e.g.-taincontain,detainretain

-viv/vitrevivevitaminvitalvivaciousvivid

例词

基本第一种第二种

意义单位符号（词）符号（词根）

⏹人mananthro

⏹花floweranth（o）

⏹时timechron

⏹色colourchrom

⏹水waterhydr（o）

⏹石stonelite（o）

⏹牙toothdent（i）

⏹头headcephal

⏹脚footped

⏹音soundphon

⏹日sunsol

⏹月moonlun

⏹星starastro（er）

⏹世界worldcosm（o）

⏹生命lifebi（o）

⏹中心centercenter

☐Affixes（词缀）:

Affixesareformsthatareattachedtowordsorwordelementstomodifymeaningorfunction.Accordingtothefunctionsofaffixes,wecanputthemintotwogroups:

inflectionalandderivationalaffixes.

⏹Inflectionalaffixes（inflectionalmorphemes）:

Affixattachedtotheendofwordstoindicategrammaticalrelationshipsareinflectional,thusknownasinflectionalmorphemes.Theinflectionalaffixdoesnotformanewwordwithanewlexicalmeaningwhenitisaddedtoanotherword.Nordoesitchangetheword-classofthewordtowhichitisaffixed.Itjustaddssomegrammaticalinformationtotheword.

Itservestoexpresssuchmeaningsasplurality,tense,andthecomparativeorsuperlativedegree.

Pluralmarkers:

-s,-es,-en,feet,sheep

Genitivecase:

-’s

Verbalendings:

-ing,-（e）d,irregularverbs,

Comparativeandsuperlativedegrees:

-er,-est

Thenumberofinflectionalaffixesaresmallandfixed;nonewoneshavebeeaddedsince1500.

Derivationalaffixes（derivationalmorphemes）:

Theyaresocalledbecausewhentheyareaddedtoanothermorpheme,they"derive"anewword.Ifamorphemecanchangethemeaningorthewordclass,orboththemeaningandwordclassofaword,itisaderivationalmorpheme.

e.g.re+write,mini+car,super+market,modern+ize,mean+ness,work+er.

⏹Manyderivationalaffixeshaveaspecificlexicalmeaning,forinstance:

-ismmeans“doctrineorpointofview”asinsocialism.

⏹Quiteanumberofotherderivationalaffixeshavemorethanonemeaning.

⏹e.g.de-1.toundowhathasbeendone,toreversetheactionofdecentralize,decode

⏹2.toremove:

todebone

⏹3.toreduce:

devalue

⏹4.（esp.ingrammar）comingfromsth.else:

adeverbalnoun

Derivationalaffixesdonotonlyhaveindependentlexicalmeaningbutalsoaffectivemeaning.

e.g.prefixes:

mis-,mal-,pseudo---pejorative

suffix:

-ling--derogatory:

hireling,weakling

-ish,--"ofthenatureof,"--derogatory:

bookishuppish.

derivationalaffixeswhichcanbeattachedtowordsofdifferentwords-classes:

e.g.-able--verbs--washable

--nouns--marriageable;

Thenumberofderivationalaffixes,althoughlimited,ismuchlargerthanthatofinflectionalaffixes.Newonesarecoinedfromtimetotime.

e.g.Russian:

sputnik（1957）,

-nikbeatnik,peacenikcomputernik

Derivationalmorphemesorderivationalaffixesarecommonlysubdividedintoprefixesandsuffixes.Affixesbeforethewordarecalledprefixes（asinsupermarket）thoseafterarecalledsuffixes（asinfriendship）.

⏹Bothprefixesandsuffixesmaybegroupedaccordingto:

⏹

（1）Theirlinguisticorigin:

⏹OEaffixes:

un-,mis-,be-,out-,over-,-ness,-dom,-hood,-ly,and-er.

⏹Foreignaffixes:

ab-（L）,bi-（L）,dis-（L）,re-（L）,kilo（GK）,poly（GK）,mal-（F）,-able（F）,-ism（GK）,-ic（GK）.

⏹

（2） Theirproductivity:

⏹Affixes（suchasre-,un-,-able,-ize）arecalledproductiveorlivingwhentheycanbeusedtoformnewwords.Thosethatarenolongerusedtoformnewwordsaretermeddeadorunproductive.

⏹e.g.for-forgets,forgive,forbid

-withwithdraw,withhold,withstand

Root,stem,base

AsdefinedbyBauer:

"Aroot（词根）isaformwhichisnotfurtheranalyzable,eitherintermsofderivationalorinflectionalmorphology.Itisthatpartofaword-fromthatremainswhenalltheinflectionalandderivati