剑桥雅思7Test2阅读.docx
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剑桥雅思7Test2阅读.docx
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剑桥雅思7Test2阅读
剑7Test2阅读Passage1真题及解析
READINGPASSAGE1
Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions1-13,whicharebasedonReadingPassage1onthefollowingpages.
Whypagodasdon’tfalldown
Inalandsweptbytyphoonsandshakenbyearthquakes,howhaveJapan’stallestandseeminglyflimsiestoldbuildings—500orsowoodenpagodas—remainedstandingforcenturies?
Recordsshowthatonlytwohavecollapsedduringthepast1400years.Thosethathavedisappearedweredestroyedbyfireasaresultoflightningorcivilwar.ThedisastrousHanshinearthquakein1995killed6,400people,toppledelevatedhighways,flattenedofficeblocksanddevastatedtheportareaofKobe.Yetitleftthemagnificentfive-storeypagodaattheTojitempleinnearbyKyotounscathed,thoughitlevelledanumberofbuildingsintheneighbourhood.
Japanesescholarshavebeenmystifiedforagesaboutwhythesetall,slenderbuildingsaresostable.Itwasonlythirtyyearsagothatthebuildingindustryfeltconfidentenoughtoerectofficeblocksofsteelandreinforcedconcretethathadmorethanadozenfloors.Withitsspecialshockabsorberstodampentheeffectofsuddensidewaysmovementsfromanearthquake,thethirty-six-storeyKasumigasekibuildingincentralTokyo—Japan’sfirstskyscraper—wasconsideredamasterpieceofmodernengineeringwhenitwasbuiltin1968.
Yetin826,withonlypegsandwedgestokeephiswoodenstructureupright,themasterbuilderKobodaishihadnohesitationinsendinghismajesticTojipagodasoaringfifty-fivemetresintothesky—nearlyhalfashighastheKasumigasekiskyscraperbuiltsomeelevencenturieslater.Clearly,Japanesecarpentersofthedayknewafewtricksaboutallowingabuildingtoswayandsettleitselfratherthanfightnature’sforces.Butwhatsortoftricks?
Themulti-storeypagodacametoJapanfromChinainthesixthcentury.AsinChina,theywerefirstintroducedwithBuddhismandwereattachedtoimportanttemples.TheChinesebuilttheirpagodasinbrickorstone,withinnerstaircases,andusedtheminlatercenturiesmainlyaswatchtowers.WhenthepagodareachedJapan,however,itsarchitecturewasfreelyadaptedtolocalconditions—theywerebuiltlesshigh,typicallyfiveratherthanninestoreys,mademainlyofwoodandthestaircasewasdispensedwithbecausetheJapanesepagodadidnothaveanypracticalusebutbecamemoreofanartobject.BecauseofthetyphoonsthatbatterJapaninthesummer,Japanesebuilderslearnedtoextendtheeavesofbuildingsfurtherbeyondthewalls.Thispreventsrainwatergushingdownthewalls.PagodasinChinaandKoreahavenothingliketheoverhangthatisfoundonpagodasinJapan.
TheroofofaJapanesetemplebuildingcanbemadetooverhangthesidesofthestructurebyfiftypercentormoreofthebuilding’soverallwidth.Forthesamereason,thebuildersofJapanesepagodasseemtohavefurtherincreasedtheirweightbychoosingtocovertheseextendedeavesnotwiththeporcelaintilesofmanyChinesepagodasbutwithmuchheavierearthenwaretiles.
ButthisdoesnottotallyexplainthegreatresilienceofJapanesepagodas.Istheanswerthat,likeatallpinetree,theJapanesepagoda—withitsmassivetrunk-likecentralpillarknownasshinbashira—simplyflexesandswaysduringatyphoonorearthquake?
Forcenturies,manythoughtso.Buttheanswerisnotsosimplebecausethestartlingthingisthattheshinbashiraactuallycarriesnoloadatall.Infact,insomepagodadesigns,itdoesnotevenrestontheground,butissuspendedfromthetopofthepagoda—hanginglooselydownthroughthemiddleofthebuilding.Theweightofthebuildingissupportedentirelybytwelveouterandfourinnercolumns.
Andwhatistheroleoftheshinbashira,thecentralpillar?
Thebestwaytounderstandtheshinbashira’sroleistowatchavideomadebyShuzoIshida,astructuralengineeratKyotoInstituteofTechnology.MrIshida,knowntohisstudentsas‘ProfessorPagoda’becauseofhispassiontounderstandthepagoda,hasbuiltaseriesofmodelsandtestedthemona‘shake-table’inhislaboratory.Inshort,theshinbashirawasactinglikeanenormousstationarypendulum.Theancientcraftsmen,apparentlywithouttheassistanceofveryadvancedmathematics,seemedtograsptheprinciplesthatwere,morethanathousandyearslater,appliedintheconstructionofJapan’sfirstskyscraper.Whatthoseearlycraftsmenhadfoundbytrialanderrorwasthatunderpressureapagoda’sloosestackoffloorscouldbemadetoslithertoandfroindependentofoneanother.Viewedfromtheside,thepagodaseemedtobedoingasnakedance—witheachconsecutivefloormovingintheoppositedirectiontoitsneighboursaboveandbelow.Theshinbashira,runningupthroughaholeinthecentreofthebuilding,constrainedindividualstoriesfrommovingtoofarbecause,aftermovingacertaindistance,theybangedintoit,transmittingenergyawayalongthecolumn.
AnotherstrangefeatureoftheJapanesepagodaisthat,becausethebuildingtapers,witheachsuccessivefloorplanbeingsmallerthantheonebelow,noneoftheverticalpillarsthatcarrytheweightofthebuildingisconnectedtoitscorrespondingpillarabove.Inotherwords,afive-storeypagodacontainsnotevenonepillarthattravelsrightupthroughthebuildingtocarrythestructuralloadsfromthetoptothebottom.MoresurprisingisthefactthattheindividualstoriesofaJapanesepagoda,unliketheircounterpartselsewhere,arenotactuallyconnectedtoeachother.Theyaresimplystackedoneontopofanotherlikeapileofhats.Interestingly,suchadesignwouldnotbepermittedundercurrentJapanesebuildingregulations.
Andtheextra-wideeaves?
Thinkofthemasatightropewalker’sbalancingpole.Thebiggerthemassateachendofthepole,theeasieritisforthetightropewalkertomaintainhisorherbalance.Thesameholdstrueforapagoda.‘Withtheeavesextendingoutonallsideslikebalancingpoles,’saysMrIshida,‘thebuildingrespondstoeventhemostpowerfuljoltofanearthquakewithagracefulswaying,neveranabruptshaking.’Hereagain,Japanesemasterbuildersofathousandyearsagoanticipatedconceptsofmodernstructuralengineering.
Questions1-4
DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeclaimsofthewriterinReadingPassage1?
Inboxes1-4onyouranswersheet,write
YESifthestatementagreeswiththeclaimsofthewriter
NOifthestatementcontradictstheclaimsofthewriter
NOTGIVENifitisimpossibletosaywhatthewriterthinksaboutthis
1OnlytwoJapanesepagodashavecollapsedin1400years.
2TheHanshinearthquakeof1995destroyedthepagodaattheTojitemple.
3TheotherbuildingsneartheTojipagodahadbeenbuiltinthelast30years.
4Thebuildersofpagodasknewhowtoabsorbsomeofthepowerproducedbysevereweatherconditions.
Questions5-10
Classifythefollowingastypicalof
AbothChineseandJapanesepagodas
BonlyChinesepagodas
ConlyJapanesepagodas
Writethecorrectletter.A,BorC,inboxes5-10onyouranswersheet.
5easyinterioraccesstotop
6tilesoneaves
7useasobservationpost
8sizeofeavesuptohalfthewidthofthebuilding
9originalreligiouspurpose
10floorsfittinglooselyovereachother
Questions11-13
Choosethecorrectletter,A,B,CorD.
Writethecorrectletterinboxes11-13onyouranswersheet.
11InaJapanesepagoda,theshinbashira
Abearsthefullweightofthebuilding.
Bbendsunderpressurelikeatree.
Cconnectsthefloorswiththefoundations.
Dstopsthefloorsmovingtoofar.
12ShuzoIshidaperformsexperimentsinorderto
Aimproveskyscraperdesign.
Bbeabletobuildnewpagodas.
Clearnaboutthedynamicsofpagodas.
Dunderstandancientmathematics.
13ThestoreysofaJapanesepagodaare
Alinkedonlybywood.
Bfastenedonlytothecentralpillar.
Cfittedlooselyontopofeachother.
Djoinedbyspecialweights.
READINGPASSAGE2
Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions1-13,whicharebasedonReadingPassage2onthefollowingpages.
TheTrueCostOfFood
A Formorethanfortyyearsthecostoffoodhasbeenrising.Ithasnowreachedapointwhereagrowingnumberofpeoplebelievethatitisfartoohigh,andthatbringingitdownwillbeoneofthegreatchallengesofthetwentyfirstcentury.Thatcost,however,isnotinimmediatecash.Inthewestatleast,mostfoodisnowfarcheapertobuyinrelativetermsthanitwasin1960.Thecostisinthecollateraldamageoftheverymethodsoffoodproductionthathavemadethefoodcheaper:
inthepollutionofwater,theenervationofsoil,thedestructionofwildlife,theharmtoanimalwelfareandthethreattohumanhealthcausedbymodernindustrialagriculture.
B Firstmechanisation,thenmassuseofchemicalfertilisersandpesticides,thenmonocultures,thenbatteryrearingoflivestock,andnowgeneticengineering-theonwardmarchofintensivefarminghasseemedunstoppableinthelasthalf-century,astheyieldsofproducehavesoared.Butthedamageithascausedhasbeencolossal.InBritain,forexample,manyofourbest-lovedfarmlandbirds,suchastheskylark,thegreypartridge,thelapwingandthecornbunting,havevanishedfromhugestretchesofcountryside,ashaveevenmorewildflowersandinsects.Thisisadirectresultofthewaywehaveproducedourfoodinthelastfourdecades.Thousandsofmilesofhedgerows,thousandsofponds,havedisappearedfromthelandscape.ThefaecalfilthofsalmonfarminghasdrivenwildsalmonfrommanyofthesealochsandriversofScotland.Naturalsoilfertilityisdroppinginmanya
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