英语和汉语中的形合意合及其在翻译中的应用.docx
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英语和汉语中的形合意合及其在翻译中的应用.docx
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英语和汉语中的形合意合及其在翻译中的应用
英语和汉语中的形合、意合及其在翻译中的应用
中文摘要
本文从形合及意合的角度对英语和汉语两种语言进行了对比并探讨了形合
与意合在英汉翻译中的应用。
在语言学和翻译学的研究中,普遍认为形合与意合
是英语和汉语两种语言最重要的区别之一,英语表现为形合而汉语表现为意合。
文章从词汇,句子和文本三个层面上对英语和汉语进行对比。
文章先引入了形合和意合的概念并介绍了本文的研究目的和范围。
第一章从
文化的层面对形合和意合进行了探讨和对比,并对中西方的思维方式及东西方哲
学的不同及其在语言上的反映进行了研究和对比。
第二章从词汇,句子和文本三
个层面上对英语和汉语进行了对比,作者认为在这三个层面上英语主要表现了形
合的特征而汉语主要表现了意合的特征。
同时,英语的形合与汉语的意合又具有
相对性。
第三章讨论形合和意合在英汉和汉英翻译中的应用。
由于英语和汉语分
别具有形合和意合的特征,在英译汉过程中,一般要将英语的主谓句式结构转换
成汉语的话题-评述结构,并进行语序的调整,采用省略的技巧等。
反之,在汉
译英时,要将汉语的话题-评述句式结构转换为英语的主谓句式结构,并采用增
补的技巧,增加适当的功能词和形式手段。
第四章是结论。
英语在词汇,句子和
语段方面都表现出形合的特征而汉语在这三个方面表现出意合的特征。
这两种语
言的特征对它们之间的翻译有着重要的影响。
在翻译过程中,应根据语言的特征
进行调整,转换。
关键词:
形合,意合,英语,汉语翻译ABSTRACTThispapercomparesEnglishandChineseintermsofhypotaxisandparataxisand
exploresitsimplicationsfortranslationbetweenthetwolanguages.Inthefieldof
linguisticsandtranslationstudies,itisgenerallyagreedthathypotaxis,asapposedto
parataxis,isthesinglemostimportantfeaturedistinguishingtheEnglishlanguage
fromChinese,withEnglishshowinghypotaxisprominenceandChineseparatactic
prominence.Thecomparisonismadeonlexical,syntacticandtextlevels
Atfirst,thedefinitionofhypotaxisandparataxisandthescopeandpurposeof
thisstudyisintroduced.Chapter1istheliteraturereviewinwhichacultural
explanationofhypotaxisandparataxisisgiven,andtherelationsbetweenhypotaxis,
parataxisandthedifferentmodesofthinkingofEnglishandChinesepeopleare
explored.Inaddition,anattemptismadetofindsomereflectionofwestern
philosophyandChinesephilosophy.Chapter2discussesthehypotaxis-prominenceof
Englishandparataxis-prominenceofChineseonlexical,syntacticandtextlevels.The
relativityofhypotaxisandparataxisisalsodiscussedinthischapter.Chapter3
explorestheimplicationsofhypotaxisandparataxisinEnglish-ChineseandChinese-Englishtranslation.AsEnglishishypotacticandChineseisparatactic,the
differentcharacteristicsofthesetwolanguageshavesomeinfluenceonthetranslation
betweenthesetwolanguages.Thesentencestructuresshouldoftenbechanged
betweensubject-predicatestructureofEnglishandthetopic-commentstructureof
Chinese.Inaddition,differenttranslationtechniquessuchasamplificationand
omissionshouldoftenbeadopted.Chapter4istheconclusion.Sometopicssuchas
thereasonsandstrategiesofChingisharenotdiscussedduetothelimitationofthe
capacityofthisthesis,
KEYWORDS:
hypotaxis,parataxis,English,Chinese,translationContents
Introduction………………………………………………………………….….1
0.1Themainpurposeandscopeofthisstudy……………………………………….1
0.2Thedefinitionsofhypotaxisandparataxis…………………………………….…2
Chapter1Literaturereview……………………………………………………….3
1.1Areviewofcontrastivestudiesofhypotaxisandparataxis……………………3
1.2ACulturalexplanationofhypotaxisandparataxis……………………………….4
1.2.1CharacteristicsofwesternandChinesephilosophyandtheirreflectionsin
EnglishandChinese…………………………………………….……………………5
1.2.2DifferentmodesofthinkingofwesternandChinesepeopleandtheirreflections
inEnglishandChinese……………………………………………………………8
Chapter2ThehypotacticcharacteristicsofEnglishandparatactic
characteristicsofChinese…………………………………………………….…….10
2.1Thehypotaxis-prominenceofEnglishonlexicallevel…………………….…….10
2.1.1Prefixesandsuffixes……………………………………………………….…..10
2.1.2Additiveform………………………………………………………………11
2.1.3Tense,voiceandmood…………………………………………………………11
2.2Parataxis-prominenceofChineseonlexicallevel…………………………….…12
2.3Hypotaxis-prominenceofEnglishonsyntacticlevel………………………….…12
2.3.1Subject-predicatestructureofEnglishsentences…………………………….13
2.3.2UseofprepositionsinEnglish…………………………………………..15
2.3.3UseofarticlesinEnglish………………………………………………………17
2.3.4Useofconnectivewords……………………..………………………………19
2.3.4.1Useofpronouns…………………………………………………………..….19
2.3.4.2UseofconjunctionsinEnglishsentences…………………………………20
2.3.5Useofexpletiveitandthere………………………………………………222.4Parataxis-prominenceofChineseonsyntacticlevel………………………..…23
2.4.1Topic-commentstructure………………………………………………….…..242.4.2Wordorder……………………………………………………………………..26
2.4.3Compactsentences,Four-characterpatternandotherexpressionsin
Chinese…………………………………………………………………….…..…….28
2.5Ellipsis………………………………………………………………………..….30
2.6Hypotaxis-prominenceofEnglishandparataxis-prominenceofChineseontext
level………………………………………………………………………………….32
2.7ParataxisinEnglishandhypotaxisinChinese…………………………………..35
Chapter3ImplicationsofhypotaxisandparataxisofEnglishandChinesefor
translation…………………………………………………………………………373.1English-ChineseandChinese-EnglishTranslationonlexicallevel………..…37
3.1.1TranslatingfromChinesetoEnglishonthelexicallevel……………………37
3.1.2TranslatingfromEnglishtoChineseonthelexicallevel……………………38
3.2English-ChineseandChinese-EnglishTranslationonthesyntacticlevel………38
3.2.1Translatingbetweensubject-predicatestructuresandtopic-comment
structure………………………………………………………….…..38
3.2.2AdjustmentofwordorderinEnglish-ChineseandChinese-English
translation……………………………………………………………………………41
3.2.3Amplificationandomission………………………………………………….42
Chapter4Conclusion………………………………………………………………44
Bibliography………………………………………………………………………..46Introduction0.1Themainpurposeandscopeofthisstudy
ThispaperisatentativestudyofhypotaxisandparataxisinEnglishandChinese
andtheirimplicationsfortranslationbetweenthelanguages.Theliteraturereviewisa
reviewofcontrastivestudiesofhypotaxisandparataxisinEnglishandChineseHypotaxisandparataxisexistinbothChineseandEnglish,butaccordingtomany
researchers,thedifferencebetweenhypotaxisandparataxisisthemostprominent
differencebetweenthetwolanguagesNida,1982:
12.Translationinvolvesthe
transformationoftwolanguages.Intheprocessoftranslating,thetwolanguagesare
alwayscomparedandanalyzed.Sowecansay,“Thereisnotranslationwithouta
contrastivestudybetweendifferentlanguages.”周志培,2003:
1Sothestudyof
hypotaxisandparataxiswillshedsomelightonthestudyoftranslationbetween
EnglishandChineseLanguageistheprincipalmeanswherebyweconductoursociallives.Whenitis
usedincommunication,itisboundupwithcultureinmultipleandcomplexwaysEnglishisalanguageoftheIndo-Europeanfamilyanditshypotacticnatureisclosely
relatedtotheculturalbackgroundoftheEnglishpeople.Chineseisamemberof
Sino-TibetanfamilyanditsparatacticnatureandtheChinesecultureareinterrelatedAncientwesternphilosophyandancientChinesephilosophycanalsofindreflections
inthetwolanguagesrespectively.HypotaxisinEnglishandparataxisinChinesealso
reflectthedifferentmodesofthinkingofthetwopeoples张思洁,2001ThispaperalsointendstomakeacontrastivestudybetweenEnglishandChinese
onlexical,syntacticandtextlevels.Englishemphasizesovertcohesionandthe
completenessofsyntacticstructures;ontheotherhand,Chineseemphasizescovert
cohesionandthefunctionaswellasthemeaningofthesentence.连淑能,1993:
48ThenIwilldiscusstheimplicationsofthecontrastivestudyofhypotaxisand
parataxisfortranslationbetweenChineseandEnglish.Iwillshowthatthehypotactic
characteristicsofEnglishandparatacticcharacteristicsofChineseshouldbe
consideredanimportantfactorintranslationbetweenthetwolanguages.Theresearch
findingsofEnglish-Chinesecontrastivestudiescanbeusedasfundamentalresources
fortheestablishmentofascientifictranslationtheory
10.2Thedefinitionsofhypotaxisandparataxis
InTheAmericanHeritageDictionaryhypotaxisisdefinedas“Thedependentor
subordinateconstructionorrelationshipofclauseswithconnectives,forexample,I
shalldespairifyoudon’tcome.”Parataxis,asopposedtohypotaxis,isdefinedbyWebster'sThirdNew
InternationalDictionaryas"a.thecoordinaterangingofclauses,phrases,orwords
oneafteranotherwithoutcoordinatingconnectivesasinhelaughed;shecried;b.the
placingofasubordinateclausebesideamainclausewithoutasubordinating
connectiveasinIbelieveitistrueandThereisamanwantstoseeyou"
ThesetwodefinitionsonlydefinedhypotaxisandparataxisonthesyntacticlevelFromthesedefinitionswecanseethatthedifferencebetweenhypotaxisandparataxis
iswhetherconnectivesareusedtoshowtherelationbetweenclausesinasentenceThedefinitionsdonotinvolvehypotaxisonlexicalandtextlevel.Inotherwords,the
definitionsdonotmentioninflexionThispaperadoptsthedefinitionsmadebyZhouZhipeibecausetheyaremore
comprehensive,andinvolvebothinflexionandfunctionwordsandcovernotonlythe
syntacticlevel,butalsothelexicalandtextlevels.Accordingtohim,hypotaxisis
“Therelationshipbetweenphrases,clausesandsentencesbymeansofinflexionand
functionwords.”Forexample,inthesentence“Anurgenttelegramwassenttoher
husbandandshewaswaitingforreply”,“and”isafunctionwordandsignifiesthe
timesequence.Parataxisis“Theconnectionsbetweenwordsandsentencesarerelated
bymeansofthecoherenceofmeaningandlogicalorderwithoutinflexionand
functionwords.”Forexample,thesentence“一个会议室坐三十个人。
”seems
illogicalbutitiscorrectandmeaningfulinChinesebecausealthoughthereisno
functionwordinthissentence,itcanbeunderstoodclearlybyChinesepeople.周志
培,2003:
342
Chapter1Literaturereview
1.1Areviewofcontrastivestudiesofhypotaxisandparataxis
Inthefieldoflinguisticsandtr
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