英语时文泛读 第三册 Unit 3 中美在非洲援助.docx
- 文档编号:28876013
- 上传时间:2023-07-20
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:12
- 大小:24.77KB
英语时文泛读 第三册 Unit 3 中美在非洲援助.docx
《英语时文泛读 第三册 Unit 3 中美在非洲援助.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《英语时文泛读 第三册 Unit 3 中美在非洲援助.docx(12页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
英语时文泛读第三册Unit3中美在非洲援助
ReadingTasks:
pleaseanswerthequestions.
1.What’sthenatureofChina’saidtoAfrica?
Whatmadeitconfusing?
2.What’rethedifferentapproachestoforeignaidadoptedbytheMinistryofForeignAffairsandtheMinistryofCommercerespectively?
3.What’stheauthor’sattitudetoChina’saidtoAfrica?
What’sherconclusion?
4.Doyoufindtheargumentoftheauthorconvincing/unconvincing?
Pleasespecificexamplestosupportyourconclusion.
SERIES:
BrookingsEastAsiaCommentary|Opinion|February2014
China’sAidtoAfrica:
MonsterorMessiah?
By:
YunSun,Fellow,EastAsia,TheStimsonCenter;CEAPVisitingFellow,Fall2011
Inrecentyears,China’seconomicpresenceinAfricahasledtoaheateddebate,someofitwell-informedandsomeofitnot,aboutthenatureofChineseinvolvementanditsimplicationsforthecontinent. ThedebateispartiallymotivatedbytherapidgrowthofChina’seconomicpresenceinAfrica:
forexample,ChineseinvestmentinAfricagrewfromUSD210millionin2000to3.17billionin2011.[1]AidisanimportantpolicyinstrumentforChinaamongitsvariousengagementswithAfrica,andindeedAfricahasbeenatoprecipientofChineseaid:
bytheendof2009ithadreceived45.7percentoftheRMB256.29billioncumulativeforeignaidofChina.[2]ThisaidtoAfricahasraisedmanyquestions,suchasitscomposition,itsgoalandnature.
WhatconstitutesChina’said?
Officially,Chinaprovideseighttypesofforeignaid:
completeprojects,goodsandmaterials,technicalcooperation,humanresourcedevelopmentcooperation,medicalassistance,emergencyhumanitarianaid,volunteerprograms,anddebtrelief.[3]China’saidtoAfricacoversawidearrayoffields,suchasagriculture,education,transportation,energy,communications,andhealth.AccordingtoChinesescholars,since1956,Chinahasprovidedalmost900aidprojectstoAfricancountries,includingassistancesupportingtextilefactories,hydropowerstations,stadiums,hospitals,andschools.
OfficialdevelopmentassistanceisdefinedbytheOrganisationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment(OECD)asconcessionalfundinggiventodevelopingcountriesandtomultilateralinstitutionsprimarilyforthepurposeofpromotingwelfareandeconomicdevelopmentintherecipientcountry.[4]ChinaisnotamemberofOECDanddoesnotfollowitsdefinitionorpracticeondevelopmentaid.ThebulkofChinesefinancinginAfricafallsunderthecategoryofdevelopmentfinance,butnotaid.ThisfactisprivatelyacknowledgedbyChinesegovernmentanalysts,althoughChineseliteratureconstantlyblursthedistinctionbetweenthetwocategories.
ThebillionsofdollarsthatChinacommitstoAfricaarerepayable,long-termloans.From2009to2012,ChinaprovidedUSD10billioninfinancingtoAfricaintheformof“concessionalloans.”[5]DuringChinesePresidentXiJinping’sfirstoverseastriptoAfricainMarch2013,hedoubledthiscommitmenttoUSD20billionfrom2013to2015.[6]TheheadsovereignriskanalystofExport-ImportBankofChinaannouncedinNovember2013thatby2025,ChinawillhaveprovidedAfricawithUSD1trillioninfinancing,includingdirectinvestment,softloansandcommercialloans.[7]
China’sownpolicyactivelycontributestotheconfusionbetweendevelopmentfinanceandaid.TheChinesegovernmentencouragesitsagenciesandcommercialentitiesto“closelymixandcombineforeignaid,directinvestment,servicecontracts,laborcooperation,foreigntradeandexport.”[8]ThegoalistomaximizefeasibilityandflexibilityofChineseprojectstomeetlocalrealitiesintherecipientcountry,butitalsomakesitdifficulttocapturewhichportionofthefinancingis–orshouldbe–categorizedasaid.OneratherconvincingtheoryisthattheChinesegovernmentineffectpaysforthedifferencebetweentheinterestratesofconcessionalloansprovidedtoAfricaandcomparablecommercialloans.Therefore,onlythesmalldifferenceininterestratescouldqualifyasChineseaid.
WhodoesChina’saidserve?
DespiteChineseleaders’claimthatChina’sassistancetoAfricaistotallyselflessandaltruistic,therealityisfarmorecomplex.[9]China’spolicytowardAfricaispragmatic,andaidhasbeenausefulpolicyinstrumentsincetheearlydaysofPeople’sRepublicofChina.
DuringtheColdWar,foreignaidwasanimportantpoliticaltoolthatChinausedtogainAfrica’sdiplomaticrecognitionandtocompetewiththeUnitedStatesandtheSovietUnionforAfrica’ssupport.Between1963and1964,ZhouEnlaivisited10Africancountriesandannouncedthewell-known“EightPrinciplesofForeignEconomicandTechnologicalAssistance.”[10]Theseaidprinciplesweredesignedtocompetesimultaneouslywiththe“imperialists”(theUnitedStates)andthe“revisionists”(theSovietUnion)forAfrica’sapprovalandsupport.
TheseeffortswereenhancedduringtheCulturalRevolutionundertheinfluenceofaradicalrevolutionaryideology,motivatingChinatoprovidelargeamountsofforeignaidtoAfricadespiteitsowndomesticeconomicdifficulties.[11]OnefamousexamplewastheTanzania-ZambiaRailwaybuiltbetween1970and1975,forwhichChinaprovidedazero-interestloanofRMB980million.Bythemid-1980s,China’sgenerousassistancehadopenedthedoortodiplomaticrecognitionwith44Africancountries.[12]
SincethebeginningofChina’sreformandopeningup,especiallyafter2000,AfricahasbecomeanincreasinglyimportanteconomicpartnerforChina.Africaenjoysrichnaturalresourcesandmarketpotential,andurgentlyneedsinfrastructureanddevelopmentfinancetostimulateeconomicgrowth.Chinesedevelopmentfinance,combinedwiththeaid,aimsatnotonlybenefitingthelocalrecipientcountries,butalsoChinaitself.Forexample,China’s“tiedaid”forinfrastructureusuallyfavorsChinesecompanies(especiallystate-ownedenterprises),whileitsloansareinmanycasesbackedbyAfricannaturalresources.
MuchChinesefinancingtoAfricaisassociatedwithsecuringthecontinent’snaturalresources.Usingwhatissometimescharacterizedasthe“AngolaModel,”Chinafrequentlyprovideslow-interestloanstonationswhorelyoncommodities,suchasoilormineralresources,ascollateral.[13]Inthesecases,therecipientnationsusuallysufferfromlowcreditratingsandhavegreatdifficultyobtainingfundingfromtheinternationalfinancialmarket;Chinamakesfinancingrelativelyavailable—withcertainconditions.
Thoughcommodity-backedloanswerenotcreatedbyChina–leadingWesternbanksweremakingsuchloanstoAfricancountries,includingAngolaandGhana,beforeChinaEximbankandAngolacompletedtheirfirstoil-backedloaninMarch2004–buttheChinesebuiltthemodeltoscaleandapplieditusingasystematicapproach.InAngolain2006,USD4billioninsuchloansprobablyhelpedChineseoilcompanieswintheexploitationrightstomultipleoilblocks.[14]In2010,Sinopec’sacquisitionofa50percentstakeinBlock18coincidedwiththedisbursementofthefirsttrancheofEximbankfunding,andin2005,Sinopec’sacquisitionofrightstoBlock3/80coincidedwiththeannouncementofanewUSD2billionloanfromChinaEximbanktotheAngolangovernment.[15] In2008,theChinaRailwayGroupusedthesamemodeltosecuretheminingrightstotheDemocraticRepublicofCongo’scopperandcobaltminesundertheslogan“(Infrastructure)projectsforresources.”[16]AccordingtoDebraBrautigam,atopexpertonChina-Africarelations,between2004and2011,Chinareachedsimilarunprecedenteddealswithatleastsevenresource-richAfricancountries,withatotalvolumeofnearlyUSD14billion.[17]
InadditiontosecuringAfrica’snaturalresources,China’scapitalflowsintoAfricaalsocreatebusinessopportunitiesforChineseservicecontractors,suchasconstructioncompanies.AccordingtoChineseanalysts,AfricaisChina’ssecond-largestsupplierofservicecontracts,and“whenweprovideAfricaassistanceofRMB1billion,wewillgetservicecontractsworthUSD1billion(RMB6billion)fromAfrica.”[18]InexchangeformostChinesefinancialaidtoAfrica,BeijingrequiresthatinfrastructureconstructionandothercontractsfavorChineseserviceproviders:
70percentofthemgoto“approved,”mostlystate-owned,Chinesecompanies,andtherestareopentolocalfirms,manyofwhicharealsojointventureswithChinesegroups.[19]Inthissense,China’sfinancingtoAfrica,includingaid,createsbusinessforChinesecompaniesandemploymentopportunitiesforChineselaborers,acriticalgoalofBeijing’sGoingOutstrategy.
HowtounderstandChineseaidtoAfrica?
Withafewexceptions,thereisastrongtendencyamongobserverstoassertmoraljudgmentsintheassessmentofChineseaidanddevelopmentfinancetoAfrica:
China’sactivitiesareeither“evil”becausetheyrepresentChina’sselfishquestfornaturalresourcesanddamageAfrica’sfragileeffortstoimprovegovernanceandbuildasustainablefuture;ortheyare“virtuous”becausetheycontributetoafoundationforlong-termeconomicdevelopment,throughinfrastructureprojectsandrevenuecreation.
Thispolarizationrevealsthetwosidesofthesamecoin.Onthepositiveside,China’saidanddevelopmentfinancingfillsavoidleftbytheWestandpromotesthedevelopmentofAfricancountries.ManyChineseprojectsrequirelargeinvestmentandlongpay-backtermsthattraditionaldonorsarereluctanttoprovide. Ontheotherhand,however,theseshort-termbenefitsshouldnotformacover-upforthepotentiallong-termnegativeconsequencesassociatedwithneglectingissuesofgovernance,fairnessandsustainability.Forexample,whenthe“tiedaid”islinkedtotheprofitabilityofChinesecompanies,itbecomesquestiona
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 英语时文泛读 第三册 Unit 中美在非洲援助 英语 时文 泛读 第三 中美 非洲 援助