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ChapterIIntroduction
Cultureisacomplicatedconceptionthatnotonlyreferstoalllatentandapparentbehaviors,behaviormodes,behavioroutcomesandattitudeswhichbelongtoacertainsocietyorpeopleandbutalsoreferstothesummationofbothmaterialwealthandspiritualwealthcreatedandscoredbyhumanbeingsintheprocessofsocialandhistoricalactivitiesfromabroadsense.Andfromanarrowsense,cultureissummarizedassocialideologyandinstitutionthatareinaccordancewithit.Therefore,eachsocietyhasaculturetobeadaptedwith.Ononehand,languageisapartofcultureaswellasthecarrierofculture,ontheotherhand,itisbelievedthatthecultureofasocietywhichpeopleliveinmustbereflectedandconveyedwhilepeopleusinglanguageaslongaspeoplearesocivilized.Asabridgetocontacttwodifferentlanguages,translationisnotonlytheswitchbetweentwocodes,butalsothetransfermovementbetweentwodifferentkindsofcultureinformation.Themaintaskoftranslationistomakethethoughtsandcontentsofsourcelanguagerecurredinthetargetlanguage.
Intheprocessoftranslationwhatthetranslatormustrealizeisthosetwodifferentculturalsystemswhicheachlanguagerespectivelybelongsto,sotheyhavetopayattentiontowardstheculturesbesidestwodifferentlanguages.Therearealwayslargenumbersoftiesofrelationshipsexistingintranslationandculture.Thereasonitishardtoachieveperfecttransformationisthatthedifferencesofthesetwodistinctlanguagesincharacter,syntax,structure,grammar,rhetoricandvulgarismreflectthedifferencesinmannerofthinking,senseofpropriety,customandtradition,socialbackgroundandmannerofexpression.Asamatteroffact,translatornotonlyneedstobeproficientinhandlingbothEnglishandChinese,butalsoneedstobefamiliarwiththediversitiesofpeoplewhospeakEnglishandChineserespectivelywellintermsofculturalbackground,origin,custom,habit,politicalsystem,faithandsoon.One'stranslationisdoomedtobefailedunlessonepaysgreatattentiontoboththedifferencesbetweensourcelanguageandtargetlanguageandthedifferencesofdistinctculturalsystemthatthelanguagesbelongto.
ChapterⅡAnalysisoftheCulturalBarriersinTranslation
Languageandcultureareintimatelyrelated.Cultureisthesoiloflanguage,andlanguageisacarrierofculture.Soculturesstudyishelpfulforustounderstandalanguagebetter.ThischapteraimsatstudyingtheculturalbarriersonEnglish-Chinesetranslationfromthefollowingaspects,inordertohelpEnglishlearnersimprovetheircross-culturalawareness,overcomethecross-culturalmisunderstanding,anddothetranslationworkbetter.
2.1SomeCulturalDifferencesbetweenEnglishandChinese
Althoughdifferentcultureshavemanyaspectsincommon,therearemoreindividualisticfeaturesthatresultsfromculturaldifferences,whichsetavarietyofbarriersfortranslatorstounderstandtheconnotationsconveyedbytheverballanguagesexpressingdifferentculturalconcepts.Forinstance,“publicschool”inBritaindoesnotmean“公立学校”inChina,onthecontrary,itmeans“私立学校”;“servicestation”doesnotreferto“服务站”inChinesebut“给汽车加油及进行简单维修的地方”,andthelike.Thustranslatorshavetobebilingualandbi-culturalatthesametime.InEnglishculture,theword“cousin”caneitherrefertomaleorfemale,andthisbringsmuchtroubletothetranslatorbecauseChineseusuallyspecifyaperson’sidentitywhenmentioninghisrelationshipwithothers.Thenthesentence“LastyearthreecousinsofMr.SmithmovedtoCaliforniasuccessively,isbetterreformulatedas“史密斯先生的三位远亲去年相继搬到了加利福尼亚”.Sincepeoplefromdifferentculturalbackgroundshavedifferentwaysoftalkingandthinking,atranslatorshouldmakeconstanteffortstoimprovehiscross-culturalawareness.
Asmentionedabove,eachculturehasitsownuniqueness.Theculturaldifferencesdeeplyinfluencethepsychologicalinclinationoflanguagewhichisformedbyanationalgroupwhospeakalanguageasmothertongueforyears.Theproblemofhowtodealwiththelinguisticandculturalfactorsappropriatelyandtransformthemproperlyintothetargettextisboundtobeencounteredbytranslators.Thus,translationbetweentwodistinctlanguagesisbynomeanseasy.InthetransformationbetweenChineseandEnglish,twolinguisticallyremotelanguageswithdistinctivelyculturalfeatures,thedifferencesmayoftenfunctionasculturalbarriersinEnglishtranslation.
2.2GeographicalCulture
Geographicalculturehasafar-reachingeffectuponlanguage.Thedifferentexpressionsingeography,climate,andnaturalenvironmentcanbefound.Literarywordspraising“eastwind”usuallyoccurinChineseworkswhilevariouspoemsodeto“westwind”inEnglishworks;Chinesepoemsoftendescribethebeautyof“spring”whileEnglishpoemsusuallydisplaythesplendorof“summer”,whichresultsfromgeographicaldifferences.
TheUnitedKingdomisanislandcountrywhichissituatedinthemiddleofwaterandnavigationbecomesamust.Britishpeopleareveryfamiliarwiththeocean,boatandfishing.TheEnglishlanguagehasbeengreatlyinfluencedbythegeographicalfeatures,sotherearealotofEnglishexpressionsrelatedwithsuchanaturalenvironment.ThefollowingEnglishexpressionsallpossessthesecharacteristics.Forexample,“spendmoneylikewater”meanswastingmoney,butwetranslateitinto“挥金如土”inChinese,becauseChinahasdifferentgeographicalfeaturesfromEngland.Chinesepeoplemainlyliveonthemainland,ourlifecannotcontinuewithoutsoil,soweconsidersoilveryimportantinourlife.WearemorefamiliarwithsoilthanwatercomparedwithEnglishpeople,suchidiomsas“tellthattothemarines”(哪有这样的事),“ontherocks”(手头拮据),“beinthesameboatwith”(与……共患难),“cleanthedeck”(扫除障碍),“trimthesailstothewind”(见风使舵)“,turnadrift”(辞退)“,sinkorswim”(孤注一掷)and“sailthrough”(一帆风顺)areallrelatedwithnavigation.Inthesea,Englishpeopleoftensee“oddfish”,wetranslateitinto“怪物”.SinceChinesepeopleliveonlandandinmountains,weoftenseeanimals,butnotfish.FishisoftenusedinEnglish.“Tofishintheair”canbetranslatedinto白费力气,水中捞月,竹篮打水一场空.“Fishwife”doesnotmean“渔妇”,but“骂街的泼妇”,while“toeatnofish”doesnotmeanpeopledonoteatfish,butreferstofaithfulness.
Britainismountainous,moistandrainy,therefore,thereareexpressionsrelatedtoclimate.Forexample“anEnglishsummer,threehotdaysandathunderstorms”(英国夏天,三天炎热,一次雷雨),SincetherearealotofmushroomsintheforestofEngland,weChinesetranslate“springuplikemushrooms”into“如雨后春笋”,becausemorebambooaregrowninChina.Wemustpaycloseattentiontothesegeographicalfeatures,soastoovercomeculturalbarriersintranslationandnottomakemistakesinthisregard.
2.3TraditionalCulture
Anation’straditionalculturecanbereflectedinitslanguage.Thesameword,hasdifferentmeaningsaccordingtothepeoplefromdifferentculturalbackgroundssometimesevenhasoppositemeanings.GreatBritainpeopledislikethedragon.Whenthedragonismentioned,theywillturnpalewithfright.Adragon,inEngland,isconsideredacruelcreature.Dragonstandsfortheevil,cruelpeoplesincetheperiodofBelwulf.Itisthemonsterwhocanhurtpeoplewithfireinitsmouth.InfluencedbytheChristianity,adragonalsomeansaseamonster.Chinesepeoplehaveveryfavorableimpressionsonthedragon.ItisoneofthemagicanimalsandalsothesymbolofourChinesenation,andevenhasbecomethetotemoftheChinesenation.Chinesepeoplearecalleddragonprogeny.InChina,therearealotoffestivalshavetherelationshipwiththedragon,suchastheDragonLanternFestivalandtheDragonBoatFestival.Somewordsrelatedtothedragoncanexpressourbestwishes,suchas“望子成龙”and“龙凤呈祥”.
ThedogcontainsdifferentconnotationsinWesternandChinesecultures.Inwesterncountries,mostpeoplelikedogs,regardthemastheirgoodfriends,andkeepthemaspets.Asdogsarehonest,loyalandlovelyinWesterner’smind,therearealotofcommendatoryexpressionsaboutdogs,including“aluckydog”(幸运儿)“,lovemelovemydog”(爱屋及乌)“,topdog”(最重要的人),“toworklikeadog”(拼命工作)“everydoghasitsday”(凡人皆有得意时).InChina,sincepeopleusuallydonotlikedogs,therearesomederogatoryexpressions,suchas“狗血喷头”,“狗嘴里吐不出象牙”,“狗眼看人低”,“狗腿子”,“狼心狗肺”.Allofthesewordsexpressverydirty,uglyanddisgustingmeanings.Weshouldmakeouttheconnotationsofthem,graspthepropermeaning,andtranslatethemprecisely.ThelioniskingamonganimalsinEnglish.InChinaweregardthetigeraskinginsteadofthelion.Thereareotheridiomsinthisrespect,including“likeadonkeyinalion’shide”(狐假虎威),“beardalioninhisden”(太岁头上动土)“alionintheway”(拦路虎).ThehistoricalcultureisdifferentbetweenEnglishandChinese.Whenwedotranslationwork,weshouldbeconsciousofthispoint.
2.4ReligiousCulture
Religiouscultureisanimportantpartofhumanculture.EasternandWesterncountrieshavedifferentreligiousschools.BritainhasalonghistoryofChristianity.Fromthelatersixthcentury,religiousreformwasrequestedinBritain.Specialreligiousbeliefplaysimportantroleinthenation’ssocialdevelopment.WhenwetranslatethesekindsofEnglishintoChinese,wemustknowthereligiousoriginbetter.“Beingateacherisbeingpresentatthecreation,whentheclaybeginstobreath”.(教师
是创造的见证人,他目睹人体开始呼吸,开始生命).IfyouwanttounderstanditandtranslatethesentenceintoChinese,youmustknowthestoryaboutGods,andthecreationofhumanbeingintheBible.Intheabovesentence,authorborrowsthestorytopraisetheteacher’sjob-justasclayfiguresgetspiritfromtheGod,
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