美国文学整编到现实主义时期.docx
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美国文学整编到现实主义时期.docx
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美国文学整编到现实主义时期
NathanielHawthorne:
Romanticnovelist,short-storywriter.CombinedtheAmericanromanticismwithpuritanmoralism;acentralfigureintheAmericanRenaissance
“MossesfromanOldManse(1846)
(“YoungGoodmanBrown”and“Rappaccini’sdaughter”)
TheScarletLetter(1850)
TheHouseoftheSevenGables(1851)
TheBlithedaleRomance(1852)
TheMarbleFaun,(1860)
Interrogatingtheinnocence
Strongsenseofsinandevilinlife.
Sinwillgetpunished,andevileducates.
Sourceofsin:
originalsin,conflictbetweenbodyandsoul.
Sourceofevil:
overweeningintellect,apartofhumannature
TheSevenCommandmentsOfTheChildrenOfNoah
Idolatry-Monotheism.Adultery.Murder.Blasphemy,nottocurseGod.NottoeatthelivemeatnottostealMaintaincourtstoenforcetheselaws.
Sevenheavenlyvirtues
FaithHopeCharityFortitudeJusticeTemperancePrudence
Hawthorne’saesthetics
Favoron“romance”,insteadof“novel”
Contents:
sensationalmaterial,suchaspoisoning,murder,adultery,crime.
Themes:
explorethehumannature,dealwithmoralproblems,studytheeffectsofsinonman.
Purpose:
toshowtheinnerworldofmanisthesourceofevilinsociety—thetragicrisebornofthefortunatefall,
fall→riseinnocence→maturity
TheScarletLetter
•Time:
inthemid-1600sSetting:
PuritantownofBoston
Characters:
RogerChillingworthPearl
•ThevictimoftheadulteryAsymbol:
thesymboloftheviolationofthesociallaws
•AmercilessavengerToHester:
thefruitofhumanloveandpassion
•TheworstsinnerToDimmesdale:
thereminderofhissin
•SymbolofdevilToChillingworth:
themotivationtotakehisrevenge
PuritanisminTheScarletLetter
Puritanemphasisontheindividualconscience.
Hawthorn’sattitudetowardsPuritanism–scoldedtheharshnessofPuritans,yettookthePuritanismashislivingcriteria.
PurposeofTheScarletLetter
1.Explorethesourceofevils:
unreasonableandinhumansocialsystem
men’sinnerworld,defectsinmen’snature:
strongdesire,dishonesty,cowardice,revenge.
2.Exploretheeffectofsinondifferentcharacters:
TobraveHester:
gainmoralrebirthbyredeeminghersin,winrespect/loveagain.
TocowardDimmesdale:
tormentofconscience,sufferinhellfire.
ToviciousandvengefulChillingworth:
reducedtodemon,deteriorated,malicioussinner
3.Explorewaysofredeemingsin:
bravetoconfessandfaceit
correctitthroughlove,devotion,generosityandforgiveness.
Hawthorne’sStyle
richimagination;well-wovenstructure;psychologicalanalysis;effectivesymbolismwithdelicateimageries,ambiguityandmystery
Symbolisminthenovel
Chillingworthiscoldandinhumanandthusbringsa“chill”toHester’sandDimmesdale’slives.
“Prynne”rhymeswith“sin”
“Dimmesdale”suggests“dimness”—weakness,indeterminacy,lackofinsight,andlackofwill,allofwhichcharacterizetheyoungminister.
“Pearl”evokesabiblicalallegoricaldevice—the“pearlofgreatprice”thatissalvation.
atokenofshame“Adultery”atfirst
A
Asymbolofbeingaloneandalienation
“Angel”,“Able”,”Admiration”
Hesteroffersthegenuinesympathyandhelptoherfellowvillagers
HermanMelville
amasterofallegoryandsymbolism
1)earlyworks
Typee(1846):
the“manwholivedamongcannibals.”
Omoo(1847)
Mardi(1849):
ThefirstthreedrewfromhisadventuresamongthepeopleoftheSouthPacificislands;
Redburn(1849)isasemi-autobiographicalnovel,basedBedburnonhisfirstvoyagetoEngland
WhiteJacket(1850)relateshislifeonaUnitedStatesman-of-war.
MobyDick(1851)
Laterworks:
Pierre(1852)TheConfidenceMan(1857)BillyBudd(1924)
Moby-Dick
isregardedas:
*anencyclopediaofeverything*thefirstAmericanproseepic
ThewhitewhalePequod----aworldinminiature
*Melville'sbleakview--------"EverlastingNay”
*Oneofthemajorthemes---------alienation,
*AhabmayhavebeenMelville'sportraitofanEmersonianself-reliantindividual-----solipsism.
HenryWadsworthLongfellow
"School-roomPoets"or"NewEnglandPoets"or"FiresidePoets"
Longfellow,Holmes,LowellandWhittier
firstAmericantotranslateDanteAlighieri'sTheDivineComedy
poetandeducator;"PaulRevere'sRide“;TheSongofHiawatha;Evangeline.
LongfellowholdsthedistinctionofbeingthefirstAmericanpoet?
?
?
?
?
Poetry:
VoicesoftheNight(1839)Evangeline(1847)TheSongofHiawatha(1855)
APsalmofLifeMyLostYouththeSlave’sDreamHiawatha’sFasting
*Hiswritingsbelongtothemilderaspectsoftheromanticmovement,andhewasstronglyinfluencedbytheGermanromanticlyrists.
*HewroteaboutAmericansubjects,butalwaysinEuropeanstyles.
*Hisworksarehighlyspiritual.Heemphasizedthemysteriesofbirth,death,andlove.Mostofhisworksaresimpleandeasilyreadsothatevenchildrencanunderstandthem.
*Ifhisworstfaultisthat-hemadepoetryseemsoeasytowritethatanyonecoulddoit,hisgreatestvirtueisthathemadepoetryseemworthreadingandworthwriting.
*HewasthefirstAmericanpoettobehonoredbyhavinghisbustplacedinthePoets'ComerofWestminsterAbbey.ThisindicatesthathispoetryhasbeenhighlyappreciatedinBritain.
(APsalmofLife赏析见另材料)
P4theliteratureofrealism
1.HowtodefinetheRealisticPeriodinAmericanLiteraryhistory?
Theperiodrangingfrom1865to1914hasbeenreferredtoastheAgeofRealismintheliteraryhistoryoftheUnitedStates,whichisactuallyamovementortendencythatdominatedthespiritofAmericanliterature,especiallyAmericanfiction,fromthe1850sonwards.
Whatisthehistoricalandsocio-culturalbackgroundoftheRealisticPeriodinAmerica?
TheAmericansocietyaftertheCivilWarprovidedrichsoilfortheriseanddevelopmentofRealism.Thisperiodischaracterizedwithchanges,inrelationtoeveryaspectofAmericanlife,politically,economically,culturally,andreligiously.
Firstofall,politically,theCivilWaraffectedboththesocialandthevaluesystemofthecountry.Americahadtransformeditselfintoanindustrializedandcommercializedsociety.Wildernessgavewaytocivilization.Theburgeoningeconomyandindustrysteppedupurbanization.However,economically,thechangeswerenotallforthebetter.Theindustrializationandtheurbanizationwereaccompaniedbytheincalculablesufferingsofthelaboringpeople.
Therefore,polarizationofthewellbeingbetweenthepoorandtherichstartedtoshowup.Thirdly,asfarastheideologywasconcerned,peoplebecamedubiousaboutthehumannatureandthebenevolenceofGod,whichtheTranscendentalistscaredmost.WhatMarkTwainreferredtoas“theGildedAge”replacedthefrontierandthespiritofthefrontiersman,whichisthespiritoffreedomandhumanconnection.
Fourthly,theliterarysceneaftertheCivilWarprovedtobequitedifferentapicture.TheharshrealitiesoflifeaswellasthedisillusionofheroismresultingfromthedarkmemoriesoftheCivilWarhadsetthenationagainsttheromance.TheAmericansbegantobetiredofthesentimentalfeelingsofRomanticism.Thus,startedanewperiodintheAmericanliterarywritingsknownastheAgeofRealism,characterizedbyagreatinterestintherealitiesoflife
RealismhadoriginatedinFranceasrealisme,aliterarydoctrinethatcalledfor“realityandtruth”inthedepictionofordinarylife.
ThethreedominantfiguresoftheperiodareWilliamDeanHowells,MarkTwain,andHenryJames.
Englishrealism
anewliterarytrendroseinlate18thcenturyandflourishedinthe19thcenturywiththeimpactoftheIndustrialRevolution.
presentingthereality,theexternallifeofcharacters,exposingthedarksideofthesociety
Truthfultolife,littlefancyorfantasy
majorcontribution:
perfectionofthenovel
Americanrealism
a.Historicalandsocialbackground:
theimpactofAmericanCivilWar(1861-1865)
b.LiteraryinfluencefromEurope:
Realismasaliterarytrend
WaltWhitman
oneofAmerica'sbest;andmostinfluentialpoets
LeavesofCrass;SongofMyselfOCaptainMyCaptain
2.LeavesofGrass(response)
*sexualityandexoticandvulgarlanguage
"noxiousweeds,“"poetryofbarbarism,"and"amassofstupidfilth,"
*"Iwassimmering,simmering,simmering,"hesaid,"Emersonbroughtmetoaboil."
*Whitman,alongwithEmerson,seesthepoetastakingoverwhathadusedtobethejobofaminister,aclergyman,theChurch.
1. LeavesofGrass
apoetwithastrongsenseofmission
WhitmanwasoneofthemostoriginalandinspiringAmericanpoets,truetohisartandtohisroleasapoet.HedevotedhimselftopoetryeulogizingthenativeAmericanexperience.AsAmerica'sfirstgenuineepicpoem,LeavesofGrassrannineeditionswithmorethan400poemsallwritteninfreeverseform,thatis,poetrywithoutafixedbeatorregularrhymescheme.Title:
Thetitleimpliesrebirth,renewal,orgreenlife.
wherethereisearth,wherethereiswater,thereisgrass.
Blendscience,democracyandspiritualityintoone.Towriteontheorganicprinciple
(SongofMyself赏析另见资料)
EmilyDickinson
America’sbest-knownfemalepoet
Hermodernityisherarticulationofpsychologicalexperienceandskepticaldesireforfaith.
affectedbytwomen,BenjaminNewtonandCharlesWadsworth.
The Poems of Emily Dickinson;Itastealiquorneverbrewed;IfeltaFuneral,inmyBrain;ABirdcamedowntheWalk;IdiedforBeauty—butwasscarce;IheardaFlybuzz—whenIdied;BecauseIcouldnotstopforDeath;Thisismylettertotheworld
EmilyDickinsonwasapessimisticpoet.ShehadatragicmessageandwasclosertoEdgarAllanPoe,Hawthorne,andMelville.
Therangeofherpoetrysuggestsnotherlimitedexperiencebutthepowerofhercreativityand
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- 关 键 词:
- 美国 文学 整编 现实主义 时期
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