版高考英语江浙版一轮讲义专题十主旨大意Word版含答案 1.docx
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版高考英语江浙版一轮讲义专题十主旨大意Word版含答案1
专题十 主旨大意
【考纲解读】
考点
内容
考查方式
2016—2017年浙江高考主旨大意题考次统计
2017.11
2017.6
2016.10
主旨大意
考纲要求考生能够理解文章或某段落的主要内容,能归纳文章要点,概括中心思想
在阅读理解中以单项选择的方式考查
3
1
0
分析解读
主旨大意题主要考查考生理解文章或特定的段落、概括大意的能力。
它不仅考查考生的文章理解能力,也考查在理解文字的基础上的归纳、概括能力。
【命题探究】
例1
(2017浙江11月,B)Itssurprisinghowmuchsimplemovementsofthebodycanaffectthewaywethink.Usingexpansivegestureswithopenarmsmakesusfeelmorepowerful,crossingyourarmsmakesyoumoredeterminedandlyingdowncanbringmoreinsights(领悟).
Soifmovingthebodycanhavetheseeffects,whatabouttheclotheswewear?
Wereallwellawareofhowdressingupindifferentwayscanmakeusfeelmoreattractive,sportyorprofessional,dependingontheclotheswewear,butcantheclothesactuallychangecognitive(认知的)performanceorisitjustafeeling?
AdamandGalinskytestedtheeffectofsimplywearingawhitelabcoatonpeoplespowersofattention.Theideaisthatwhitecoatsareassociatedwithscientists,whoareinturnthoughttohavecloseattentiontodetail.Whattheyfoundwasthatpeoplewearingwhitecoatsperformedbetterthanthosewhowerent.Indeed,theymadeonlyhalfasmanyerrorsasthosewearingtheirownclothesontheStroopTest(onewayofmeasuringattention).Theresearcherscalltheeffect“enclothedcognition,”suggestingthatallmannerofdifferentclothesprobablyaffectourcognitioninmanydifferentways.
Thisopensthewayforallsortsofclothes-basedexperiments.Isthewriterwhowearsafedoramorecreative?
Isthepsychologistwearinglittleroundglassesandsmokingacigarmoreinsightful?
Doesachefshatmaketheresultantfoodtastebetter?
FromnowonIwillonlybeeditingarticlesforPsyBlogwhilewearingawhitecoattohelpkeepthetypingerrorcountlow.HopefullyyouwillbedoingyourpartbyreadingPsyBloginacapandgown(学位服).
Whatisthemainideaofthetext?
A.Bodymovementschangethewaypeoplethink.
B.Howpeopledresshasaninfluenceontheirfeelings.
C.Whatpeoplewearcanaffecttheircognitiveperformance.
D.Peopledoingdifferentjobsshouldweardifferentclothes.
命题方法
总结文章的主旨或中心思想,如例1。
这类题目的题干经常会是:
Whatisthemainideaofthetext?
Whatisthetextmainlyabout?
等。
在选项的设置中,其中一项是正确的文章大意,如本题C项。
干扰项中,其中有的选项可能是主题词错误,如本题A项和B项。
A的主语是bodymovements而非本文的主旨“衣服穿着”。
而B项对象错误,其宾语是feelings而非recognition。
而有的选项则是完全偏离文章的主旨,如D项。
解题指导
1.阅读时关注整个文章,特别注意高频词。
如本文中,高频词是“peoplewear”“theircognitive”。
高频词对总结文章的主旨有非常重要的指导性。
2.把握文章的结构和各段的段意。
如果读完文章,对文章主旨不是很有把握,那么可以进一步明确文章的结构,对每一段的段意细化。
如果各段的段意明确了,而且文章的结构也清楚了,那么对归纳整个文章的主旨就比较容易了。
【例2】
(2017课标全国Ⅲ,D)TheIntelligentTransportteamatNewcastleUniversityhaveturnedanelectriccarintoamobilelaboratorynamed“DriveLAB”inordertounderstandthechallengesfacedbyolderdriversandtodiscoverwherethekeystresspointsare.
Researchshowsthatgivingupdrivingisoneofthekeyreasonsforafallinhealthandwell-beingamongolderpeople,leadingtothembecomingmoreisolated(隔绝)andinactive.
LedbyProfessorPhilBlythe,theNewcastleteamaredevelopingin-vehicletechnologiesforolderdriverswhichtheyhopecouldhelpthemtocontinuedrivingintolaterlife.
Theseincludecustom-madenavigation(导航)tools,nightvisionsystemsandintelligentspeedadaptations.PhilBlytheexplains:
“Formanyolderpeople,particularlythoselivingaloneorinthecountry,drivingisimportantforpreservingtheirindependence,givingthemthefreedomtogetoutandaboutwithouthavingtorelyonothers.”
“Butweallhavetoacceptthataswegetolderourreactionsslowdownandthisoftenresultsinpeopleavoidinganypotentiallychallengingdrivingconditionsandlosingconfidenceintheirdrivingskills.Theresultisthatpeoplestopdrivingbeforetheyreallyneedto.”
DrAmyGuo,theleadingresearcherontheolderdriverstudy,explains:
“TheDriveLABishelpingustounderstandwhatthekeystresspointsanddifficultiesareforolderdriversandhowwemightusetechnologytoaddresstheseproblems.”
“Forexample,mostofuswouldexpectolderdriversalwaysgoslowerthaneveryoneelsebutsurprisingly,wefoundthatin30mphzonestheystruggledtokeepataconstantspeedandsoweremorelikelytobreakthespeedlimitandbeatriskofgettingfined.Werelookingatthebenefitsofsystemswhichcontroltheirspeedasawayofpreventingthat.”
“Wehopethatourworkwillhelpwithtechnologicalsolutions(解决方案)toensurethatolderdriversstaysaferbehindthewheel.”
Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?
A.ANewModelElectricCar
B.ASolutiontoTrafficProblems
C.DrivingServicesforElders
D.KeepingOlderDriversontheRoad
命题方法
1.概括文章的标题,如例2。
这类题目的设题主干通常都是Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?
。
其设题思路都是四个选项中有一个选项包含了文章的最关键的核心词。
如例2,其文章的中心就是研究人员为了理解老年司机面临的生活挑战和压力而进行的一项研究。
他们想通过研究,找到一套切实可行的技术方案,以延长老年人的开车时间,确保他们的开车安全。
所以,其核心词就是“老人”和“开车”,因此D项正确。
其他选项或者核心词不全,如A和C,只有其中一项关键词;或者信息完全偏离,如B项。
2.总结某一段落的中心思想。
此类设题方式和总结文章的主旨和中心思想设题方法一致,只是它只关注文章的一段,而不是整个文章。
解题指导
对于besttitle的题目,解题的最佳方法是检查选项中的主要词汇是否是文章的核心词,是否包含了文章最关键的核心词。
如本题,其关键词就是“老人”和“开车”,因此选择C。
命题规律
主旨大意题命题比较稳定,一般一套题目中出现1~2个。
其设题的方式基本在mainidea和besttitle之间轮换进行。
【五年高考】
第一组 记叙文
Passage1(2017浙江,A)词数:
326
BenjaminWest,thefatherofAmericanpainting,showedhistalentforartwhenhewasonlysixyearsofage.Buthedidnotknowaboutbrushesbeforeavisitortoldhimheneededone.Inthosedays,abrushwasmadefromcamelshair.Therewerenocamelsnearby.Benjamindecidedthatcathairwouldworkinstead.Hecutsomefurfromthefamilycattomakeabrush.
Thebrushdidnotlastlong.SoonBenjaminneededmorefur.Beforelong,thecatbegantolookragged(蓬乱).Hisfathersaidthatthecatmustbesick.Benjaminwasforcedtoadmitwhathehadbeendoing.
Thecatslotwasabouttoimprove.Thatyear,oneofBenjaminscousins,Mr.Pennington,cametovisit.HewasimpressedwithBenjaminsdrawings.Whenhewenthome,hesentBenjaminaboxofpaintandsomebrushes.Healsosentsixengravings(版画)byanartist.ThesewerethefirstpicturesandfirstrealpaintandbrushesBenjaminhadeverseen.
In1747,whenBenjaminwasnineyearsold,Mr.Penningtonreturnedforanothervisit.HewasamazedatwhatBenjaminhaddonewithhisgift.HeaskedBenjaminsparentsifhemighttaketheboybacktoPhiladelphiaforavisit.
Inthecity,Mr.PenningtongaveBenjaminmaterialsforcreatingoilpaintings.Theboybeganalandscape(风景)painting.WilliamWilliams,awell-knownpainter,cametoseehimwork.WilliamswasimpressedwithBenjaminandgavehimtwoclassicbooksonpaintingtotakehome.Thebookswerelonganddull.Benjamincouldreadonlyalittle,havingbeenapoorstudent.Buthelatersaid,“Thosetwobooksweremycompanionsbyday,andundermypillowatnight.”Whileitislikelythatheunderstoodverylittleofthebooks,theywerehisintroductiontoclassicalpaintings.Thenine-year-oldboydecidedthenthathewouldbeanartist.
1.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?
A.BenjaminsvisittoPhiladelphia.
B.WilliamsinfluenceonBenjamin.
C.ThebeginningofBenjaminslifeasanartist.
D.ThefriendshipbetweenBenjaminandPennington.
2.Whatdoestheunderlinedsentenceinparagraph3suggest?
A.Thecatwouldbecloselywatched.
B.Thecatwouldgetsomemedicalcare.
C.Benjaminwouldleavehishomeshortly.
D.Benjaminwouldhaverealbrushessoon.
3.WhatdidPenningtondotohelpBenjamindevelophistalent?
A.Hetookhimtoseepaintingexhibitions.
B.Heprovidedhimwithpaintingmaterials.
C.HesenthimtoaschoolinPhiladelphia.
D.Hetaughthimhowtomakeengravings.
4.WilliamstwobookshelpedBenjaminto .
A.mastertheuseofpaints
B.appreciatelandscapepaintings
C.gettoknowotherpainters
D.makeuphismindtobeapainter
答案
1.C
2.D
3.B
4.D
Passage2(2016江苏,D)词数:
590
Notsolongago,mostpeopledidntknowwhoShelly-AnnFraser-Prycewasgoingtobecome.Shewasjustanaveragehighschoolathlete.TherewaseveryindicationthatshewasjustanotherJamaicanteenagerwithoutmuchofafuture.However,onepersonwantedtochangethis.StephenFrancisobservedtheneighteen-year-oldShelly-Annatatrackmeetandwasconvincedthathehadseenthebeginningsoftruegreatness.Hertimeswerenotexactlyimpressive,butevenso,hesensedtherewassomethingtryingtogetout,somethingtheothercoacheshadoverlookedwhentheyhadassessedherandfoundherlacking.HedecidedtoofferShelly-Annaplaceinhisverystricttrainingsessions.Theircooperationquicklyproducedresults,andafewyearslateratJamaicasOlympictrialsinearly2008,Shelly-Ann,whoatthattimeonlyrankednumber70intheworld,beatJamaicasunchallengedqueenofthesprint(短跑).
“Wheredidshecomefrom?
”askedanastonishedsprintingworld,beforeconcludingthatshemustbeoneofthoseone-hitwondersthatspringupfromtimetotime,onlytodisappearagainwithoutsigns.ButShelly-Annwastoprovethatshewasanythingbutaone-hitwonder.AttheBeijingOlympicsshesweptawayanydoubtsaboutherabilitytoperformconsistentlybybecomingthefirstJamaicanwomanevertowinthe100metresOlympicgold.ShediditagainoneyearonattheWorldChampionshipsinBerlin,becomingworldchampionwithatimeof10.73—thefourthfastesttimeever.
Shelly-Annisalittlewomanwithabigsmile.Shehasamentaltoughnessthatdidnotcomeaboutbychance.Herjourneytobecomingthefastestwomanonearthhasbeenanythingbutsmoothandeffortless.ShegrewupinoneofJamaicastoughestinner-citycommunitiesknownasWaterhouse,whereshelivedinaone-roomapartment,sleepingfourinabedwithhermotherandtwobrothers.Waterhouse,oneofthepoorestcommunitiesinJamaica,isareallyviolentandoverpopulatedplace.SeveralofShelly-Annsfriendsandfamilywerecaughtupinthekillings;oneofhercousinswasshotdeadonlyafewstreetsawayfromwhereshelived.Sometimesherfamilydidnthaveenoughtoeat.Sheranattheschoolchampionshipsbarefootedbecauseshecouldntaffordshoes.HermotherMaxime,oneofafamilyoffourteen,hadbeenanathleteherselfasayounggirlbut,likesomanyothergirlsinWaterhouse,hadtostopaftershehadherfirstbaby.MaximesearlyentryintotheadultworldwithitsresponsibilitiesgaveherthedeterminationtoensurethatherkidswouldnotendupinWaterhousesroundaboutofpoverty.OneofthefirstthingsMaximeusedtodowithShelly-Annwastakinghertothetrack,andshewasreadytosacrificeeverything.
ItdidnttakelongforShelly-AnntorealizethatsportscouldbeherwayoutofWaterhouse.OnasummereveninginBeijingin2008,allthoselong,hardhoursofworkandcommitmentfinallyborefruit.Thebarefootkidwhojustafewyearspreviouslyhadbeenlivinginpoverty,surroundedbycriminalsandviolence,hadwrittenanewchapterinthehistoryofsports.
ButShelly-Annsvictorywasfargreaterthanthat.ThenightshewonOlympicgoldinBeijing,theroutinemurdersinWaterhouseandthedrugwarsintheneighbouringstreetsstopped.Thedarkcloudaboveoneoftheworldstoughestcriminalneighbourhoodssimplydisappearedforafewdays.“Ihavesomuchfireburningformycountry,”Shellysaid.SheplanstostartafoundationforhomelesschildrenandwantstobuildacommunitycentreinWaterhouse.ShehopestoinspiretheJamaicanstolaydowntheirweapons.Sheinten
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