英语经典语法.docx
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英语经典语法.docx
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英语经典语法
第五讲句子
根据句子的结构,英语中的句子可分为简单句(simplesentence)、并列句(compoundsentence)、和复合句(complexsentence)。
1.简单句
含一个主语(或并列主语)和谓语(或并列谓语)的句子。
基本句型包括:
a.主语+系动词+表语(SVP)
eg:
Heisastudent.
b.主语+不及物动词(SV)
eg:
Mytoothaches.
c.主语+及物动词+宾语(SVO)
eg:
Henryboughtadictionary.
d.主语+及物动词+双宾语(SVOO)
eg:
Myfatherboughtmeacar.
e.主语+及物动词+宾语+宾补(SVOC)
eg:
Tommadethebabylaugh.
注:
在SVOC结构中,宾语+宾补构成复合宾语,宾语由n或pron充当,宾补表示宾语发出的动作或身份、特征等。
2.并列句
由并列连词(coordinator)把两个或两个以上的简单句合并而成的句子。
并列连词主要有:
and,but,so,for,or,nor,yet.
Eg:
Iaskedhertohavedinnertogether,butshewastoobusy.
Hestudiedhard,yethefailed.
3.复合句
含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。
从句一般由从属连接词(subordinator)(that,if,whether,what,how,because,since,as,unless,though,although…)、关系代词(relativepronoun)(that,who,whom,whose,which)或关系副词(relativeadverb)(when,where,why,how)等引导,这些从句包括名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句及同位语从句)、定语从句和状语从句。
Eg:
a.Whowillbeourmonitorhasn’tbeendecidedyet.
b.Iaminterestedinwhatsheisdoing.
c.Thisiswhatweshoulddo.
d.Hemadeapromisethathewouldnevercomelate.
e.Heisthemanwhowantstoseeyou.
f.Ifyouarenottootired,let’sgooutforawalk.
Exercise
Task1DecidedwhetherthefollowingsentencesareSimple,CompoundorComplex.
1.SarabeganplanninghersummervacationinDecember.
2.BecauseIlefttheplayearly,Imissedthesurpriseending.
3.Tanyawasinvitedtoaparty,soshewantedtobuyanewdress.
4.Becauseofrain,thebaseballgamewaspostponed.
5.Englishisnoteasy,butIlikeitverymuch.
6.Duanedidn’tpassthetest,althoughhestudiedhardlastweek.
7.Theywonthematchlastyearandwantedtowinitagain.
8.Shesoldherhouse,yetshecan’thelpregrettingit.
9.HeisthemanIsawintheparkyesterday.
10.Steppingcarelesslyoffthepavement,hewasknockeddwonbyabus.
Task2Combinethefollowingpairsofsimplesentencesintocompoundsentencesusingthewordsinthebrackets.
a.①Wewillgoouttodinnertonight.②Theywilljoinus.(and)
b.①Iwouldliketogetthisjobdoneinahurry.
②Ithinkitwilltakealongtime.(but)
c.①Wecouldhavethemeetingtomorrow.
②WemaypostponeituntilnextMonday.(or)
d.①Wedidn’tchoosethefirstclassseat.
②Wehadtosavemoney.(for)
e.①Ican’tstudyeverythingallatonce.
②Iwillstudythemostimportantconcepts.(so)
f.①Idon’tenjoythestudyofchemistrymuch.
②Idon’tliketheothernaturalsciences.(nor)
g.①Lilywasasuccessfulcareerwoman.
②Herhusbandwantedhertobeahousewife.(yet)
h.①Bequick.
②We’llbelateforclass.(or)
I.①Comealittleearliernexttime.
②You’llmissthebestpartoftheTVshow.(or)
J.①Theteachertoldthemtocleanthelectureroom.
②Hequicklywalkedaway.(but)
Task3Combinethefollowingsimplesentencesintocomplexsentenceswiththewordsgiveninthebrackets.
a.①Theydidn’tgetthecontract.
②Hetoldus.(that)
b.①Theyarethenewsecretaries.
②Theyworkinoneoffice.(who)
c.①Sheisthenurse.
②Isawheratthehospital.(whom,that)
d.①Theyarethechildren.
②Theirfootballteamwonthematch.(whose)
e.①Hehadalreadyopenedtheletter.
②Herealizeditwasn’taddressedtohim.(before)
f.①Iwillgivethelettertohim.
②Iseehim.(assoonas)
g.①I’llneverforgettheschool.
②ThereIstartedtolearntoplaytheviolin.(where)
h.①Hedidn’tcometothemeeting.
②Hewasinjuredinacaraccidentyesterday.(because)
I.①Wewillgotothebeach.
②Theweatherisfine.(if)
Task4Underlineeachdependentclauseinthefollowingpassage.Ifthedependentclauseincludesanotherdependentclause,underlineittwice.
YouaskhowImetmyboyfriend.Well,it’squiteafunnystory.DoyourememberIfailedoneofmyfinalexams?
ThatmeantIhadtospendpartofthesummerincollege.AndthatmeantIcouln’tgoonholidaywithmyfamily.Thetravelcompanyrefusedtogiveusarefundbecausewecancelledtoolate.Iwasprettyangryaboutit.Thensomethingnicehappned.Ithinkthetravelagentfeltsorryforme,becausehehadfailedhisfinalexamwhenhewasastudent.Heagreedtotransfermybookingtoanothertourwhichstartedlaterinthesummer.Iwasreallypleased.Myfatherwastoo,astransferingthebookingmeantthathismoneywasn’tbeingwasted.So,Iwentonthistour.AndImetthisyoungman.Hewasonhisowntoo.Hetoldmehisgirlfriendshouldhavebeenwithhim,buttheyhadaquarrelandshehadrefusedtocome.Weweretheonlyonestravelingalone,sowefoundourselvesgoingaroundthesightstogether.Hehadn’treadabouttheplaceswewerevisitingandIspentmostofmytimetellinghimaboutthem.Wefoundwe’dfalleninloveattheendofthetour.
复合句
一.名词性从句
在主从复合句中担当主语、宾语、表语或同位语的从句分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句或同位语从句。
这些从句在句中的作用相当于名词在句中所起的作用,因此统称为名词性从句。
1.引导名词性从句的关联词
i.连词that,whether和if
连词that本身无意义,有时可以省略;whether和if本身有意义(是否,会不会),均不能省略。
注:
这三个连词在句中只起连接作用,不担当句子成分。
ii.连接代词
引导名词性从句的连接代词有:
who(谁,主格),whom(谁,宾格),whose(谁的,所有格),what(什么),which(哪一个),whatever(无论什么),whichever(无论哪一个),whoever(无论谁)。
注:
连接代词在句中既起连接作用,同时又担当主语、宾语、定语、表语等成分。
iii.连接副词
引导名词性从句的连接副词有:
when(什么时候、何时),where(什么地方、何地),how(如何、怎么样),why(为什么)。
注:
连接副词在句中起双重作用,既起连接作用,又做状语。
名词性从句一律都用陈述语序。
Eg:
Whatishappeningoutsidedoesnotconcernus.
Wedidn’tknowwhyshedidn’tcome.
Therealmeasureofsuccessishowhappyyouare.
2.分类
a.主语从句
eg:
Thatthemoonmovesroundtheearthiswellknowntoallofus.
Whatissaidaboveisveryimportant.
Itisstilldoubtfulwhethershewouldplaythepart.
b.宾语从句
eg:
Ibelievethattheywillbeabletopasstheexaminationwithoutanydifficulties.
I’lltrytomakeupforwhatIhavemissed.
Wemustfindoutwhenthetrainwillarrive.
Sheexplainedwhyshecamelate.
C.表语从句
Eg:
Itseemsthatitisgoingtosnow.
Thequestionsremainswhetherwecanwinthemajorityofthepeople.
ThereasoniswhathasalreadybeenstatedinChapterII.
D.同位语从句
Eg:
Thenewsthatweareinvitedtotheconferenceisveryencouraging.
Itisafactthatshehasdoneherbest.
Heexpressedthehopethathewouldwriteanovelsomeday.
Exercise:
1.Theywanttoknowdotohelpus.
A.whatcantheyB.whattheycan
C.howtheycanD.howcanthey
2.Theyareteachersanddon’trealize
tostartandrunacompany.
A.whattakesitB.whatittakes
C.whattheytakeD.whattakesthem
3.Insomecountries,iscalled“equality”doesnotreallymeanequalrightsforallpeople.
A.thatB.whatC.whichD.how
4.–Doyourememberhecame?
--Yes,Ido.Hecamebycar.
A.howB.whenC.whereD.if
5.Bylipreadingorwatchingthemovementsofthespeaker’slips,adeafpersoncanactuallyseethepersonattheothertelephoneissaying.
A.thatB.howC.whatD.where
6.Thereasonwhyhedidn’tcometoschoolwasill.
A.duetoB.thathefell
C.becausefellD.becauseoffalling
7.Theactivitywasdelayed,wasexactlywewanted.
A.which;whatB.which;which
C.that;whatD.that;that
8.Becausetheyusuallyreceivethesamescoreonexaminations,thereisdisagreementastoisthebetterstudent.
A.whoB.whichC.whomD.whose
9.Acomputercanonlydoyouhaveinstructedittodo.
A.howB.afterC.whatD.when
10.Wewereallexcitedatthenews
ourannualsaleshadmorethandoubled.
A.whichB.thatC.itD.what
二定语从句
定语从句在句中作定语,修饰名词或代词,被修饰的名词或代词称为先行词(antecedent)。
定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,有关系代词(relativepron)或关系副词(relativeadverb)引出。
1.基本形式
关系代词
例句
语法成分
功能
who/that
Ishethemanwho/thatwantstoseeyou?
主语
指人
whom/that
Heistheman(whom/that)Isawyesterday.
宾语(可省略)
指人
whose
Imetamanwhosesisterworksintelevision.
定语
指人
whose
Pleasepassmethebookwhosecoverisgreen.
定语
指物
which/that
Idon’tlikestorieswhich/thathaveunhappyendings.
主语
指物
which/that
Ilovethebook(which/that)youlenttome.
宾语(可省略)
指物
关系副词
例句
语法成分
功能
when
IrememberthedaywhenImethim.
状语
时间
where
Thehotelwherewestayedwasn’tveryclean.
状语
地点
why
ThereasonwhyI’mcallingistoinviteyoutoaparty.
状语
原因
2.限制性和非限制性定语从句
定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。
限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分,去掉它主句意思往往不明确;非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明,去掉了也不会影响主句的意思,它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。
Eg:
Thisisthehousewhichweboughtlastmonth.
Thehouse,whichweboughtlastmonth,isverynice.
3.介词+关系词(介词+关系代词=关系副词)
基本形式:
when=during/on/in+which
where=in/at/on+which
why=for+which
注:
a.介词后面的关系词不能省略。
b.that前不能有介词。
4.只能用that而不用which作为定语从句的关系代词的情况。
a.先行词前有序数词或形容词最高级时。
Eg:
ThisisthesecondbookthatIhaveeverwritten.
b.不定代词anything,nothing,all,much,few,any,little等作先行词时。
Eg:
Ihavenothingthatisworthreading.
注:
当先行词是“something”时,“that/which”皆可。
C.先行词有theonly,thevery,theone修饰时;先行词有不定代词little,few,no,any,much,all等修饰时。
Eg:
ThisistheverypenthatIamlookingfor.
Doyouhaveanybooksthatareworthreading.
D.先行词既指人又指物时。
Eg:
Let’stalkaboutthepersonandthethingsthatwecanremember.
5.只用“which”而不用“that”的情况。
a.在非限制性定语从句中,只用which,不用that.
b.在“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中,只使用关系代词which,不用that.
Exercise
Task1Usetheinformationinthebracketstomodifythephrases.
1.thegirl(sheispretty)
theprettygirl(adj做定语,修饰名词)
2.thewoman(shehaslonghair)
thewomanwithlonghair(介词短语做后置定语,修饰名词)
3.theman(heplaysfootball)
themanwhoplaysfootball(定语从语修饰名词)
4.thewoman(sheisslim)
5.theyoungboy(heisbesidethewindow)
6.theman(hedrivesacar)
7.theboy(hehasblueeyes)
8.theyounglady(sheissmart)
9.theboy(hefailedhisfinalexam)
10.thegirl(shetakeseveningclass)
Task2Completethefollowingsentenceswithappropriaterelativepronounsoradverbs.
1.Thestoryisaboutagirl_____runsawayfromhome.
2.Thepolicehavecaughtthemen____stolemycar.
3.Adictionaryisabook____givesyo
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