Earningspershare每股收益.docx
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Earningspershare每股收益.docx
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Earningspershare每股收益
Earnings-per-share-每股收益
Earningspershare
Earningspershare(EPS)isthemonetaryvalueofearningspereachoutstandingshareofacompany'scommonstock.
IntheUnitedStates,theFinancialAccountingStandardsBoard(FASB)requirescompanies'incomestatementstoreportEPSforeachmajorcategoryoftheincomestatement:
continuingoperations,discontinuedoperations,extraordinaryitems,andnetincome.
CalculatingEPS
Preferredstockrightshaveprecedenceovercommonstock.Therefore,dividendsdeclaredonpreferredsharesaresubtractedbeforecalculatingtheEPS.Whenpreferredsharesarecumulative,theannualdividendsaredeductedwhethertheyhavebeendeclaredornot.DividendsinarrearsarenotrelevantwhencalculatingEPS.
Earningspershare(basicformula)
Earningspershare(netincomeformula)
Earningspershare(continuingoperationsformula)
References
∙Wikipedia
Earningpershare,alsocallednetincomepershare,isa marketprospectratio thatmeasurestheamountofnetincomeearnedpershareofstockoutstanding.Inotherwords,thisistheamountofmoneyeachshareofstockwouldreceiveifalloftheprofitsweredistributedtotheoutstandingsharesattheendoftheyear.
Earningspershareisalsoacalculationthatshowshowprofitableacompanyisonashareholderbasis.Soalargercompany'sprofitspersharecanbecomparedtosmallercompany'sprofitspershare.Obviously,thiscalculationisheavilyinfluencedonhowmanysharesareoutstanding.Thus,alargercompanywillhavetosplititsearningamongstmanymoresharesofstockcomparedtoasmallercompany.
Formula
Earningspershareorbasicearningspershareiscalculatedbysubtractingpreferreddividendsfromnetincomeanddividingbytheweightedaveragecommonsharesoutstanding.Theearningspershareformulalookslikethis.
You'llnoticethatthepreferreddividendsareremovedfromnetincomeintheearningspersharecalculation.ThisisbecauseEPSonlymeasurestheincomeavailabletocommon stockholders.Preferreddividendsareset-asideforthepreferredshareholdersandcan'tbelongtothecommonshareholders.
Mostofthetimeearningpershareiscalculatedforyear-endfinancialstatements.Sincecompaniesoftenissuenewstockandbuybacktreasurystockthroughouttheyear,theweightedaveragecommonsharesareusedinthecalculation.Theweightedaveragecommonsharesoutstandingiscanbesimplifiedbyaddingthebeginningandendingoutstandingsharesanddividingbytwo.
Analysis
Earningpershareisthesameasanyprofitabilityormarketprospectratio.Higherearningspershareisalwaysbetterthanalowerratiobecausethismeansthecompanyismoreprofitableandthecompanyhasmoreprofitstodistributetoitsshareholders.
Althoughmanyinvestorsdon'tpaymuchattentiontotheEPS,ahigherearningspershareratiooftenmakesthestockpriceofacompanyrise.Sincesomanythingscanmanipulatethisratio,investorstendtolookatitbutdon'tletitinfluencetheirdecisionsdrastically.
Example
QualityCo.hasnetincomeduringtheyearof$50,000.Sinceitisasmallcompany,therearenopreferredsharesoutstanding.QualityCo.had5,000weightedaveragesharesoutstandingduringtheyear.Quality'sEPSiscalculatedlikethis.
Asyoucansee,Quality'sEPSfortheyearis$10.ThismeansthatifQualitydistributedeverydollarofincometoitsshareholders,eachsharewouldreceive10dollars.
UnderstandingEarningsPerShare
Oneofthechallengesofevaluatingstocksisestablishingan“applestoapples”comparison.WhatImeanbythisissettingupacomparisonthatismeaningfulsothattheresultshelpyoumakeaninvestmentdecision.
ComparingthepriceoftwostocksismeaninglessasIpointoutinmyarticle “WhyPer-SharePriceisNotImportant.”
Similarly,comparingtheearningsofonecompanytoanotherreallydoesn’tmakeanysense,ifyouthinkaboutit.Usingtherawnumbersignoresthefactthatthetwocompaniesundoubtedlyhaveadifferentnumberofoutstandingshares.
Forexample,companiesAandBbothearn$100,butcompanyAhas10sharesoutstanding,whilecompanyBhas50sharesoutstanding.Whichcompany’sstockdoyouwanttoown?
Itmakesmoresensetolookatearningspershare(EPS)foruseasacomparisontool.Youcalculateearningspersharebytakingthenetearningsanddividebytheoutstandingshares.
EPS=NetEarnings/OutstandingShares
Usingourexampleabove,CompanyAhadearningsof$100and10sharesoutstanding,whichequalsanEPSof10($100/10=10).CompanyBhadearningsof$100and50sharesoutstanding,whichequalsanEPSof2($100/50=2).
So,youshouldgobuyCompanyAwithanEPSof10,right?
Maybe,butnotjustonthebasisofitsEPS.TheEPSishelpfulincomparingonecompanytoanother,assumingtheyareinthesameindustry,butitdoesn’ttellyouwhetherit’sagoodstocktobuyorwhatthemarketthinksofit.Forthatinformation,weneedtolookatsomeratios.
Beforewemoveon,youshouldnotethattherearethreetypesofEPSnumbers:
∙TrailingEPS–lastyear’snumbersandtheonlyactualEPS
∙CurrentEPS–thisyear’snumbers,whicharestillprojections
∙ForwardEPS–futurenumbers,whichareobviouslyprojections
Thearticlesinthisseries:
3Ways
HowtoCalculateEarningsPerShare
ThreeMethods:
BasicEarningsPerShareCalculationWeightedEarningsPerShareCalculationUsingEarningsPerShare
Earningspershare(EPS)isacommonlyusedphraseinthefinancialworld.Earningspersharerepresentsaportionofacompany'sprofitthatisallocatedtooneshareofstock.Therefore,ifyouweretomultiplytheEPSbythetotalnumberofsharesacompanyhas,you'dcalculatethecompany'snetincome.EPSisacalculationthatmanypeoplewhowatchthestockmarketpayattentionto.
Method1of3:
BasicEarningsPerShareCalculation
1.
1
Locatethecompany'snetearningornetincomefromthepreviousyear. Thisinformationcanbefoundonmostfinancialwebpages,oronthecompany'swebsite.Usingthecompany'snetearningsorincomeastheprimarynumberinthecalculationisthemostbasicwayofdeterminingEPS.
∙Forexample,sayyouwanttocalculatetheEPSofMicrosoftbasedonitsnetincome.AquickbrowseofMicrosoft'swebsitetellsyouthatin2012,thecompany'snetincomewasalmost$17billion.[1]
∙Becarefulnottomistakeacompany's quarterly netincomewiththeir annual netincome.Quarterlyprofitiscalculatedeverythreemonths,whereasannualprofitiscalculatedevery12months.Mistakingacompany'squarterlynetincomefortheirannualnetincomewillcauseyourcalculationtoberoughlyfourtimessmaller.
2
Figureouthowmanysharesareoutstanding. Howmanytotalsharesdoesacompanyhaveonthestockexchange?
Thisinformationcanbecollectedbyvisitingafinancialwebsiteandlocatingthecompany'sinformation.
∙Again,let'scontinuewiththeexampleofMicrosoft.Asofthetimeofwriting,Microsofthas8.33billionsharesoutstanding.[2]
3
Dividethenetincomebythenumberofsharesoutstanding. TakingMicrosoft'svitalsasourexample,we'ddivide$17billionby8.33billionandcomeawaywithabasicEPSof2.[3]
∙Takeanotherbasicexample.Let'ssayabocceballcompanyhasanetincomeof$4millionand575,000sharesoutstanding.Wedivide$4millionby575,000andcomeupwithanEPSof6.95.
Method2of3:
WeightedEarningsPerShareCalculation
1.
1
ModifythebasicEPScalculationslightlytoarriveattheweightedearningpersharecalculation. WeightedEPSisamoreaccuratecalculationbecauseittakesintoaccountanydividendsthatthecompanyissuestoshareholders.However,thisformulaismorecomplexthanthebasicearningspersharecalculationorthereportingterm,soitisnotusedquiteasofteneventhoughitismoreaccurate.
2.
2
Locatethecompany'sdividendsonpreferredstocks. Adividendisanamountofmoneypaidouttostockholders—oftenquarterly—fromthecompany'sprofit.
∙Forthesakeofexample,let'stakeAppleasthecompanywe'retryingtoarriveatacalculationfor.In2012,Appleannouncedthatitwouldpaya$2.5billiondividendquarterly,startinginQ3.[4] Thatamountstoroughly$5billionindividendsoverthecourseoftheyear.
3
Takethecompany'snetincomeandsubtractthedividendsonpreferredstocknumber. UsingAppleasanexample,aquicksearchrevealsthatin2012,Applerecorded$41.73billioninnetincome.[5] Subtract$5billionfrom41.73toarriveat$36.73billion.
4
Dividethedifferencebytheaveragenumberofoutstandingshares. Apple'snetincomeminustheirdividendin2012was$36.73billion.Dividethisamountbytheamountofsharesoutstanding,934.82million,toarriveataweightedEPSofroughly39.29.
Method3of3:
UsingEarningsPerShare
1.
1
UseEPSasabarometerforacompany'sprofitability. EPScluesinvestorsandpotentialinvestorsintoacompany'sprofitability.[6] AhigherEPSgenerallysignalsamorerobustcompany,profit-wise.Likemostnumbers,however,EPSshouldnotbelookedatinisolation.There'snofixedEPSnumberabovewhichacompany'sstockshouldbeboughtandbelowwhichitsstockshouldbesold.It'simportanttolookatacompany'sEPS inrelationto othercompanies.
2.
2
Knowthatmorethanothercalculations,EPSisprobablythesinglemostimportantfactorindrivingacompany'sstockprice.[7] Lookingatacompany'sEPSismorevaluablethanlookingattheirprofitbecauseEPSputsacompany'sprofitintoperspective.(Ahugecompanygenerating$1Mnetincomeisn'tveryimpressive;atinycompanygenerating$1Mnetincomeis.)EPSisalsointegralinevaluatingacompany'sPricetoEarnings
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