八年级教材文化背景.docx
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八年级教材文化背景.docx
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八年级教材文化背景
八年级(上册)P1-8下册P8-
Unit1Howoftendoyouexercise?
文化背景知识介绍
1.InAmerican,youngpeoplespendtheirfreetimeinmanydifferentways,accordingtotheirages,interests,andenvironments.Formanyyoungpeople,watchingtelevisionprogramsandusingcomputersarepopularactivities.Manyyoungpeopleusecomputerstoplaygames,lookforinterestingwebsites,listentomusic,watchmovies,sende-mail,andchatwiththeirfriends.
Ontheotherhand,manyyoungpeopleenjoyoutdooractivities.Inaneighborhood,youngpeoplemayplaygameswiththeirneighborsincludingtouch-football,basketball,tag,andhide-and-seek.Skateboarding,bicycling,androller-bladingmaybepopular.Inwinter,ice-skating,hockey,andskiingmaybepopularinareaswhereitsnows.Inmiddleschoolandhighschool,youngpeoplecanjoinasportsteamsuchastrackandfield,basketball,baseball,football,volleyball,swimming,andsoon.
Thereareoftenclubsthatyoungpeoplecanjoin,andtheseclubsusuallymeetafterschool.Suchclubsmightincludethesingingclubinelementaryschoolandband(orchestra)inmiddleschoolandhighschool.Otherclubsincludethedramaclub,mathematicsclub,foreignlanguageclub,debateclub,studentnewspaper,andsoon.
Therearealsocommunitycenterswhereyoungpeoplecanbecomeinvolvedinavarietyofactivitiesincludingsports,artsandcrafts,andeducationalactivitiessuchaslearningtoplayamusicalinstrument.
2.Inordertostayhealthy,youshoulddothefollowingthings.
Eatabalanceddiet,whichincludesfoodsfromthedifferentfoodgroups(grains,vegetables,fruit,meat,milk,sweets),andeatthemostfromthegrainsgroupandtheleastfromthesweetsgroup.
Exerciseanddrinklotsofwaterandmilk.
Getenoughsleep.(Kidsbetween5and12usuallyneed10to11hoursofsleepeachnight.)
Don'tsmokeorusedrugs(includingalcohol).
Takecareofyourteethandgums.
Weartheproperclothingtostaywarm(orcool),protectyourskinfromthesun,andavoidinjuryfromactivity.
Seeadoctorandadentistonaregularbasis.
3.Totakecareofyourteeth,youshoulddothefollowing:
Usetoothpastethatcontainsfluoride.
Brushyourteethatleasttwiceaday(afterbreakfastandbeforebedtime).
Brushallofyourteeth(awayfromyourgums)foraboutthreeminutes.
Useatoothbrusheverthreemouths.
Flossyourteeth.(Thisisveryimportanttokeepyourgumshealthy.Ifyougetgumdisease,youmaylooseyourteeth.)
Becarefulaboutwhatyoueatanddrink.
Seethedentisttwiceayear.
Unit2What'sthematter?
文化背景知识介绍
IntheU.S.,themedicaltreatmentthatyoureceiveandthedoctororhospitalthatyoucanvisitdependsonthehealthinsurancecoveragethatyouhave.
Thetwokindsofinsurancearefee-for-serviceandmanagedcare.
Fee-for-service:
Yougotothedoctorofyourchoice.Yourinsurancecompanyonlypaysforspecificservices,notforeverything.
ManagedCare:
Therearethreetypesofmanagedcare.
A.HMO(HealthMaintenanceOrganization):
Youcanonlyreceivecarefromonehospital,forexample.
B.PPO(PreferredProviderOrganization):
Youcanonlyreceivecarefromspecificdoctors,forexample.
C.POS(Point-of-Service):
ThisplanisacombinationofanHMOandPPO.
Toseeadoctor,youshouldcallthedoctor'sofficeorthehospitaltomakeanappointment.Ifitisanemergency,youcanvisittheemergencyroomofahospitalormakeanemergencyappointmentwithadoctor,accordingtoyourinsurancecoverage.
Whenyouseeadoctor,thedoctorwillgiveyouaprescriptionforyourmedication.Youmustgotoapharmacyandgivetheprescriptiontothepharmacistinordertoreceiveyourmedication.Thepharmacistwilloftenexplaintoyouhowtotakethemedication.
Youcanalsopurchasemedication,whichdoesnotrequireaprescription.Suchmedicationisalsoreferredtoasover-the-counter(OTC)drugs.
Unit3Whatareyoudoingforvacation?
文化背景知识介绍
MostschoolsinAmericahaveaten-monthschoolyearwithatwo-monthvacationduringthesummer.Inthewinter,suchschoolswillhaveatwo-weeklongwinterbreakandaweek-longspringbreak.Inschoolswithayear-roundschedule,studentsaretypicallyinschoolforeightweeksandonvacationforoneweekwithafive-weekmidwinterbreak.
Theactivitiesofyoungpeopleduringvacationsdependontheirages,interests,andenvironments.MostyoungpeoplewillspendtimedoingthingsthattheyenjoysuchaswatchingTVorplayingcomputergamesaloneandwithfriends.IntheStateswhereitsnows,duringthewinterbreak,youngpeoplemayparticipateinactivitiessuchasskating,hockey,skiingandsoon.
Duringthelongersummerbreak,somehighschoolstudentswillhavepart-timejobs.Otheryoungpeoplemaytakesummerschoolclassesorparticipateineducationalactivitiesoutsideofschool,suchasazoooranaquariumprogram.Manyyoungpeoplewilltakepartinorganizedrecreationalactivities,suchasswimminglessonsorsummersportscamps,atcommunitycenters,andtakevacationswiththeirfamilies.Outdooractivitiessuchasswimming,camping,barbecuing,andfishingarepopularduringthistime.
Unit4Howdoyougettoschool?
文化背景知识介绍
ThewaythatAmericanstudentsgotoschooldependsonwheretheyarelivingandtheoptionsavailabletothem.Someofthewaysthatstudentsgotoschoolincludethefollowing.
·Onfoot
·Bicycle
·Schoolbus
·Car(orcarpool)
·Publictransportation(busorsubway)
Inthesuburbs,usingpublictransportationisnotcommon,asitisusuallynotasavailableasinlargecities.Manystudentswillbedriventoschoolbytheirparents.
AccordingtotheAmericanPublicTransportationAssociation,therearemanykindsofpublictransportation,whichincludeprivateandpublicbuses,rail,ferryboats,train,andtaxiservices.
Unit5Canyoucometomyparty?
文化背景知识介绍
1.Insomecultures,itisnotconsideredpolitetoacceptaninvitationthefirsttimeitisoffered.Insuchplacespeopleusuallythankthepersonbutdonotgiveadefiniteansweratthattime.IntheUnitedStatesitispolitetoacceptorrefuseaninvitationthefirsttimeitisoffered.Also,Americansusuallygiveareasonwhentheyhavetosaynotoaninvitation.
2.InAmerica,youngpeoplecanhavepartiesforalmostanyreason,butbirthdaypartiesareprobablythemostcommon.Halloweenpartiesarealsoquitepopular.
3.Thereisnofixedruleabouthowinvitationsaregivenforparties.It'spossiblesomeinvitationswillbebywordofmouth,butmorelikelyawritten(orsometimesemail)invitationmaybegiven.Ifyouaregivenaninvitationtoaparty,it'sbettertoconfirmyourattendance.Inmostcases,youwouldprobablywriteabriefapologyifyoucan'tmakeit,perhapsgivingashortexplanationofwhyyoucan'tattend.
Halloweenpartieshaveincreasinglyreplacedtrick-or-treatactivities,andtheguestsdressupincostumesandparticipateinactivitiesappropriatefortheiragelevel.ElementaryschoolsmayalsoholdaHalloweenfestivalorparadeatwhichstudentsappearincostume.
Unit6I'mmoreoutgoingthanmysister.文化背景知识介绍
Americanyoungpeoplemakefriendsinmanydifferentways.Someyoungpeoplearegoodatmakingfriendsandotheryoungpeoplehavetoworkharderatmakingfriends.Manyyoungpeoplemakefriendsthroughgroupactivities.Inmiddleschoolandhighschool,themembersofasportsteamoraschoolcluboftenshareaninterestinthesameactivity,theyworkandplaytogether,andtheymeettogetheroften.
Sometipsformakingfriendsincludethefollowing.
·Trytomeetotherstudents.(Bearoundplaceswhereotherstudentsare.)
·Lookforotherswithsimilarinterestsandvaluesandtrytospendtimewiththosepeople.
·Showaninterestinothers.(Smile,askquestionsandgivepositivecomments.)
·Becomegoodatgivingcompliments(nottoomuch).
·Bekind.
·Haveaniceexpressiononyourface.
·Laughatpeople'sjokes.
·Ask(butnotdemand)tojoinin.
·Offertohelpothers.
·Invitepeopletodothings.
·Becomegoodatthinkingofinterestingthingstodo.
·Share.
·Learntotelljokes.
·Behonestandfair.
·Respectyourselfandrespectothers.(Donotmakeyourselforothersavictim.)
·Bepositive.(Don'tbenegativeorcomplainallthetime.)
Parentscanalsobeveryimportantinhelpingyoungpeopletogettogether.Parentsofdifferentyoungpeoplecancontacteachotherandarrangefortransportation,groupactivities,overnightvisitstohomes,andsoon
Unit7Howdoyoumakeabananamilkshake?
文化背景知识介绍
ThefollowingaresomeofthemeasuresusedintheUnitedStates.
1inch(英寸)=25.4mm
1foot(英尺)=12inches=30.4cm
1yard(码)=3feet=91.4cm
1mile(英里)=1.64km
1gallon(加仑)=4qt=128floz=3.7L
1ounce(盎司)=28.3g
1pound(磅)=453.5g
1ton(吨)=2000pounds=907.1kg
1teaspoon(茶匙)=5mL
1tablespoon(大汤匙)=15mL
1cup(杯)=240mL
1Celsius(摄氏温度)=1.8Fahrenheit(华氏温度)
Unit8Howwasyourschooltrip?
文化背景知识
TherearemanytypesofaquariumsintheU.S.rangingfromthesmallfishbowlsthatchildrenbuyinpetshopstothemagnificentaquariumsthroughoutthecountry.
OneofthetopaquariumsintheU.S.istheMontereyBayAquarium.1.8millionpeoplevisittheMontereyBayAquariumeachyear.Theaquariumhasapproximately550differentspecies.Theanimalseatapproximately305poundsoffoodaday,andtherearemorethan100exhibittanks.
Inadditiontoaquariums,therearetheSeaWorldparksinFlorida,California,andTexas,whichfeaturekillerwhales,dolphins,penguins,manatees,polarbears,andnumerousothersealifeinshowsandexhibits.
Unit9Whenwasheborn?
文化背景知识介绍
Youngpeopleidolizesingers,moviestars,andprofessionalathletes.
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