sleep托福阅读答案.docx
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sleep托福阅读答案.docx
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sleep托福阅读答案
Paragraph1:
Whydowesleep?
Itcanbedangeroustoloseawarenessoftheexternalworld.Ifnothingelse,sleepmightseemtotakeawayfromtimethatcouldbespentonproductive,orevennecessary,activities.Butpeoplecannotoverrideindefinitelythedesiretosleep;thebodyshutsdownwhetherwelikeitornot.Therearethreegeneralexplanationsthatdescribetheadaptivenessofsleep:
restoration,circadiancycles,andfacilitationoflearning.
1.Thewordindefinitelyinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto
A.easily
B.withouteffects
C.onpurpose
D.endlessly
Paragraph2:
Therestorationtheoryofsleepemphasizesthatthebrainandbodyneedtorestandthatsleepallowsthebodytorepairitself.Indeed,growthhormone'sreleasedduringdeepsleep,andoneofitsfunctionsistofacilitaterepairofdamagedtissue.Additionalevidencethatsleepisatimeofrestorationisthatpeoplewhohaveengagedinvigorousphysicalactivity,suchasrunningmarathons,seemtosleeplonger.Butpeoplesleepeveniftheyspendthedaybeingphysicallyinactive.Inaddition,itappearsthatsleepallowsthebraintostrengthenthebody'sabilitytofightdisease.
2.Accordingtoparagraph2,allofthefollowingareconsideredtobeevidencethatsleepisneededforthebodytorepairitselfEXCEPT:
A.Thebody’sresistancetodiseaseisstrengthenedthroughsleep.
B.Bodytissuesarerestoredbythereleaseofhormonesduringsleep.
C.Thelongerpeoplesleep,themoreactivityoccurs.
D.Sleepoccurswhetherornotphysicalactivityhastakenplace.
Paragraph3:
Numerouslaboratorystudieshaveexaminedtheeffectsofsleepdeprivationonphysicalandcognitiveperformance.Surprisingly,moststudiesfindthattwoorthreedaysofdeprivationhavelittleeffectonstrength,athleticability,orcognitiveperformanceoncomplextasks.Performingboringorordinarytaskswhensleepdeprived,however,isnearlyimpossible.Abrain-imagingstudyofsleep-deprivedpeoplefoundincreasedactivationoftheprefrontalcortex,suggestingthatsomebrainregionsmaycompensatefortheeffectsofdeprivation.Overlongperiods,however,sleepdeprivationeventuallycausesproblemswithmoodandcognitiveperformance.Indeed,studiesusingratshavefoundthatextendedsleepdeprivationcompromisestheimmunesystemandleadstodeath.Interestingly,sleepdeprivationmightserveoneveryusefulpurpose,whichishelpingpeopleovercomedepression.Consistentevidencehasemergedoverthepastdecadedemonstratingthatdeprivingdepressedpeopleofsleepsometimesalleviatestheirdepression.Thiseffectappearstooccurbecausesleepdeprivationleadstoincreasedactivationofserotoninreceptors,whichcombatdepression.
3.Whydoestheauthorsay“Performingboringorordinarytaskswhensleepdeprived,however,isnearlyimpossible”?
A.Toidentifyatypeoftaskinwhichbeingsleep-deprivedforafewdaysactuallydoesaffectphysicalandcognitiveperformance
B.Tosuggestthatsimpletasksareeasiertoperformthancomplextasksaftersleepdeprivation
C.Toindicateanimportantfindingofabrain-imagingstudyontheeffectsofsleepdeprivationontheprefrontalcortex
D.Tosuggestthatphysicalactsarepreformedmoreeasilythancognitiveactsaftersleepdeprivation
4.Thewordcompensateforinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto
A.addto
B.makeupfor
C.slowdown
D.repair
5.Thewordextendedinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto
A.measurable
B.forced
C.occasional
D.lengthened
6.ThewordConsistentinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto
A.Independent
B.Critical
C.Unvarying
D.Considerable
7.Accordingtoparagraph3,whatwasoneunexpectedfindingreportedbystudiesinvestigatingsleepdeprivation?
A.Sleepdeprivationhelpspeopleperformbetteroncomplextasks.
B.Sleepdeprivationofafewdays’durationdoesnotsignificantlyweakenperformanceonchallengingtasks.
C.Sleepdeprivationismorecommoninpeoplewhoarephysicallyinactivethanitisinactivepeople.
D.Sleepdeprivationcansometimestemporarilyimprovephysicalabilty.
8.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthediscussionaboutsleepdeprivationinparagraph3?
A.Short-termsleepdeprivationhasanegativeimpactonathleticperformance.
B.Short-termsleepdeprivationseverelyharmstheimmunesystem.
C.Sleepdeprivationcanhavebothpositiveandnegativeeffects.
D.Sleepdeprivationimprovescognitivedevelopmentbyactivatingserotoninreceptors.
Paragraph4:
Thecircadianrhythmtheoryofsleepproposesthatsleephasevolvedtokeepanimalsquietandinactiveduringtimesofthedaywhenthereisgreatestdanger,whichformostiswhenitisdark.Physiologicalandbrainprocessesareregulatedintoregularpatternsknownascircadianrhythms(“circadian”roughlytranslatesto“aboutaday”).Bodytemperature,hormonelevels,andsleep-wakecyclesareallexamplesofcircadianrhythms,whichoperatelikebiologicalclocks.Thesecircadianrhythmsarethemselvescontrolledbycyclesoflightanddark,althoughanimalscontinuetoshowtheserhythmswhenlightcuesareremoved.
9.Accordingtoparagraph4,whichofthefollowingisNOTtrueofthecircadianrhythmsofanimals?
A.Circadianrhythmsregulatephysiologicalprocessessuchasbodytemperature,hormonelevels,andsleep-wakecyclesofanimals.
B.Animalsthatarekeptindarknesswillstopfollowingcircadianrhythms.
C.Thedailyperiodsoflightanddarkregulatethecircadianrhythmsofanimals.
D.Sleepoccursduringthepartofthecircadiancycleinwhichanactiveanimalwouldbeinthemostdanger.
Paragraph5:
Accordingtothecircadianrhythmtheory,animalsneedonlysomuchtimeinthedaytoaccomplishthenecessitiesofsurvival,anditisadaptivetospendtheremainderofthetimeinactive,preferablyhiddenaway.Accordingly,theamountananimalsleepsdependsonhowmuchtimeitneedstoobtainfood,howeasilyitcanhide,andhowvulnerableitistoattack.Smallanimalssleepagreatdeal,whereaslargeanimalsvulnerabletoattack,suchascowsanddeer,sleeplittle.Largeanimalsthatarenotvulnerable,suchaslions,alsosleepagreatdeal.
10.Accordingtothecircadianrhythmtheorydescribedinparagraph5,whichofthefollowingdoesNOTdeterminetheamountoftimeananimalsleeps?
A.Howeasilytheanimalcanhidefromattackers
B.Howmuchenergytheanimal’sfoodprovides
C.Howlikelyitisthattheanimalwillbeattackedwhenitisactive
D.Theamountoftimetheanimalneedstofindfood
Paragraph6:
Ithasbeenproposedthatsleepmaybeimportantbecauseitisinvolvedinthestrengtheningofnervecellconnectionsthatserveasthebasisoflearning.Thegeneralideaisthatcircuitsthathavebeenwiredtogetherduringthewakingperiodareconsolidated,orstrengthened,duringsleep.RobertStickgoldandcolleaguesconductedastudyinwhichtheyrequiredparticipantstolearnacomplexvisual-discriminationtask.Theyfoundthatparticipantsimprovedatthetaskonlyiftheyhadsleptforatleastsixhoursfollowingtraining.Periodsofsleepwithincreasedbrainactivityaswellasperiodsofsleepwithreducedbrainactivityappearedtobeimportantforlearningtotakeplace.Theresearchersarguedthatlearningthetaskrequirednervecellchangesthatnormallyoccuronlyduringsleep.Althoughlearningcertainlycantakeplaceintheabsenceofsleep,sleepseemstobeanefficienttimefortheconsolidationoflearning.Infantsandtheveryyoung,wholearnanincredibleamountinafewshortyears,sleepthemostandalsospendthemosttimeinperiodsofsleepwithhigherbrainactivity.
11.Accordingtoparagraph6,whatwasamajorfindingofthestudyconductedbyRobertStickgoldandhiscolleagues?
A.Mostlearningtakesplaceduringdeepsleep.
B.Informationandskillsacquiredduringthedayarereinforcedduringsleep.
C.Visualdiscriminationtaskscannotbelearnedwithoutsleepingafterward.
D.Atleastsixhoursofsleepbeforeperformingataskisnecessaryforlearningtooccur.
12.Inparagraph6,whydoestheauthormentionthatinfantsandveryyoungpeoplesleepthemost?
A.ToargueagainstthefindingsofthestudyconductedbyRobertStickgoldandhiscolleagues
B.Tosuggestthatlearningisnotpossibleifinfantsandyoungpeoplearedeprivedofsleep
C.Tosupporttheclaimthatsleepiscriticaltolearningandreinforcesitinimportantways
D.Toindicatethatthebraincircuitsresponsibleforlearningaremoreactiveininfantsandyoungpeoplethantheyareinadults
Paragraph4:
Thecircadianrhythmtheoryofsleepproposesthatsleephasevolvedtokeepanimalsquietandinactiveduringtimesofthedaywhenthereisgreatestdanger,whichformostiswhenitisdark.Physiologicalandbrainprocessesareregulatedintoregularpatternsknownascircadianrhythms(“circadian”roughlytranslatesto“aboutaday”).Bodytemperature,hormonelevels,andsleep-wakecyclesareallexamplesofcircadianrhythms,whichoperatelikebiologicalclocks.■Thesecircadianrhythmsarethemselvescontrolledbycyclesoflightanddark,althoughanimalscontinuetoshowtheserhythmswhenlightcuesareremoved.
Paragraph5:
■Accordingtothecircadianrhythmtheory,animalsneedonlysomuchtimeinthedaytoaccomplishthenecessitiesofsurvival,anditisadaptivetospendtheremainderofthetimeinactive,preferablyhiddenaway.■Accordingly,theamountananimalsleepsdependsonhowmuchtimeitneedstoobtainfood,howeasilyitcanhide,andhowvulnerableitistoattack.Smallanimalssleepagreatdeal,whereaslargeanimalsvulnerabletoattack,suchascowsanddeer,sleeplittle.■Largeanimalsthatar
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