职称英语综合类B级模拟题阅读理解.docx
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职称英语综合类B级模拟题阅读理解.docx
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职称英语综合类B级模拟题阅读理解
2020职称英语综合类B级模拟题:
阅读理解
2020年职称英语综合类B级模拟题:
阅读理解
Nanotechnology
Manyofthegrandchallengesoftodayandthefuturearefoundinthequestion:
"Howarewegoingtosolvetheproblemsandmakeseriousimprovementsinindustrialmanufacturing,diseasecontrol,environmentalpollutioncontrol,globalclimatechange,foodproduction,transportation,communication,andothers?
"
Nanotechnology(纳米技术)promisestomakerevolutionarycontributions.Withinthenextfewyearswecanexpecttoseemajorimprovements.Herearesomepossibilitiesthethingstocome.Nanotechnologyisfundamentallychangingthewaymaterialsanddeviceswillbeproducedinthefuture.
Nanostructures,ceramics,polymers,metals,andothermaterialswillhavegreatlyimprovedmechanicalproperties.Infact,withtheabilitytobuildthingsatom-by-atomandmolecule-by-moleculetherewillbenewclassesofstructuralmaterials.Nanotechnologywillenableproductstobelighter,stronger,smarter,cheaper,cleaner,andmoreprecise.
Theabilitytosynthesizenanoscalebuddingblockswithpreciselycontrolledsizeandcompositionandthentoassemblethemintolargerstructureswithuniquepropertiesandfunctionswillrevolutionizesegmentsofthematerialsmanufacturingindustry.Nanotechnologyisexpectedtobringaboutlighter,stronger,andprogrammablematerials;reductionsinlife-cyclecoststhroughlowerfailurerates;innovativedevicesbasedonnewprinciplesandarchitectures;anduseofmolecularclustermanufacturing.
Nanotechnologywillprovidenewtoolsformedicine.Itcouldradicallychangethewaysurgeryisdone.Itwillmakeitpossibletodomolecularscalesurgerytorepairandrearrangecells.Sincediseaseistheresultofphysicaldisorder,misarrangedmoleculesandcells,medicineatthislevelshouldbeabletocuremostdiseases.
MutationsinDNAcouldberepairedandcancercells,toxicchemicals,andvirusescouldbedestroyedthroughuseofmedicalNandevices.
Nanotechnologyenabledincreasesincomputationalpowerwillpermitthecharacterizationofmacromolecularnetworksinrealisticenvironments.Suchsimulationswillbeessentialelementsinthedevelopmentofbiocompatibleimplantsandinthedrugdiscoveryprocess.Nanotechnologyhasthepotentialtosignificantlyimpactenergyefficiency,storage,andproduction,Nanotechnologycanchangetheeconomicsofenergyproduction.
Thepassagedealsmainlywith__________.
A.grandchallengeinmanufacturing,medicineandcomputerindustry
B.possibilitiesofnanotechnology'scontributionsinthefuture
C.greatchangescausedbynanotechnology
D.practicalapplicationofnanotechnology
32、Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisnotfight?
A.Nanotechnologywillbeusedtochangethestructuresofmaterials.
B.Nanotechnologywillmakeanoperationmoreprecisely.
C.Nanotechnologywillchangethepropertiesofmaterials.
D.Nanotechnologywillcurediseasesthatcan'tbesolvedatpresent.
33、Withnanotechnology,thefutureproductswillnotbeprobably__________.
A.tiny
B.lighter
C.costly
D.diversified
34、Inmedicine,allwillchangeexceptthat__________.
A.doctorswillbeabletorepairthedestroyedcellsofhumanbodies
B.cancerandotherinfecteddiseaseswillbecured
C.therewillbemoreaccuratediagnosesofdiseases
D.themedicaldeviceswillbecomesmalleranddeviceswithsinglefunctionareproduced
35、Wecaninferfromthepassagethat__________.
A.nanotechnologywillbethemostpromisingtechnology
B.nanotechnologyisaninevitableoutcomeofthedevelopmentoftechnology
C.nanotechnologywillbringrevolutionsinmanyaspectsoflife
D.nanotechnologywillbringthegreatestchangesineconomy
36、阅读材料,回答36-50题。
AlphaParticle
Fromdecayingradon(氡)atomscandestroythelivingcellstheystrikeandincreasethelikelihoodthatthosecellswilllaterbecomecancerous.Researchershavenowdirectlydemonstratedthatneighboringcellsnotsufferingdirecthitscanbeharmed,too.They'vealsotakenasteptowardshowinghowthistypeofradiation,calledalphaparticles,indirectlyhurtsthosebystanders.
Radonderivesfromthedecayofuranium(铀)andseepsnaturallyintotheairfromtheground.lt'stheprimaryenvironmentalsourceofalphaparticles,whichcontributetocancerriskbycausingaberrations(失常)inDNA.Alphaparticlesfrominhaledradonaresecondonlytosmokingasacauseoflungcancer.
Becauseaperson'sexposuretoalphaparticlestypicallyislow,researchershavehadtoestimatepublichealththreatsfromradonbyguessfromtheeffectsofhigherdosesofalpharadiation.SuchdatacomesprimarilyfromstudiesofsurvivorsoftheatomicbombsthatdestroyedHiroshimaandNagasakiinJapan.Thecustomaryextrapolation(推测)assumesthatcancerriskisproportionaltothedoseofradiationevenatlowdoses.
Radiation'seffectsincellstructuredon'tnecessarilyreflectwhathappensin"awholeorganism,withitsfullrangeofdefenserepairmechanisms,"saysDuport.ProcessessuchasDNArepairandcelldeathtriggeredbyradiationdamagecouldcanceltheeffectonbystandercellsobservedinthelab,hesuggests.
Furthermore,whileabystandereffectcancontributetocancer,othercell-to-cellinteractionsinlivingtissue"mayrelieveincreasedrisk."saysBarryMichael,aradiationbiophysicistattheGrayCancerInstituteinNorthwood,England.Oneoftheseinteractionshaltscelldivisionandhencecancer."Thejuryisstilloutonwhethercell-to-celleffectsleadtoagreaterorlowerrisk,"Michaelsays.
Thepassage'smaintopicis__________.
A.Theexperimentdonebyresearchers
B.Uraniumisthekeykillerofneighboringcells
C.Cell-to-cellinteractioncanmakeupforthehurtcells
D.Bystandercellscanbeindirectlydamagedbyalphaparticles
37、Alphaparticlesdirectlycomefrom__________.
A.decayinguranium
B.decayingradonatoms
C.airfromtheground
D.radiationparticles
38、Whichofthefollowingisrightforalphaparticles?
A.Theyarethesecondkillerstosmokingascauseoflungcancer.
B.TheycancompensatefortheabnormalDNA.
C.Highdosageandlowdosageofthemhavethesameeffectonpeople'shealth.
D.Theireffectcan'tbefoundimmediately.
39、Howdotheresearchersconductthestudy?
A.Bystudyingthedatagotfromthesurvivorswhohadexperiencedatomicradiation.
B.Bycarryingouttheexperimentsinthelab.
C.Bystudyingthefeaturesoftheexperiments.
D.Bystudyingthefeaturesoftheerperiments.
40、Fromthepassage,Wecanknowthetoneoftheauthoris
A.argumentative
B.factual
C.conjectural(推测的)
D.authoritative
41、阅读材料,回答41-55题。
TheDiminishingScientificLeadershipoftheU,S.
Withtherapidglobalizationofscienceitself(morethan40percentofscientificPh.D.studentstrainedintheUnitedStatesarenowforeignnationals,roughlyhalfofwhomreturntotheircountriesoforigin),theonceundisputedU.S.scientificlead,whetherrelevanttoproductleadornot,isdiminishing.
ThecompetitionofforeignstudentsforpositionsinU.S.graduateschoolshasalsocontributedtomakingscientifictrainingrelativelyunattractivetoU.S.students,becausetherapidlyincreasingsupplyofstudentshasdiminishedtherelativerewardsofthiscareerpath.Forthebestandbrightestfromlow-incomecountries,apositionasaresearchassistantintheUnitedStatesisattractive,whereasthebestandbrightestU.S.studentsmightnowseebetteroptionsinotherfields.Scienceandengineeringcareers,totheextentthattheyareopeninguptoforeigncompetition(whetherimportedoravailablethroughbettercommunication),alsoseemtobebecomingrelativelylessattractivetoU.S.students.
Withrespecttotheroleofuniversitiesintheinnovationprocessthespeculativeboomofthe1990s(which,amongotherthings,madeitpossibletoconvertscientificfindingsintocashratherquickly)waslargelyunexpected.Theboombroughtuniversitiesandtheirfacultiesintomuchclosercontactwithprivatemarketsastheytriedtogainasmuchoftheeconomicdividendsfromtheirdiscoveriesaspossible.Forawhile,thepathbetweendiscoveriesinbasicscienceandnewflowsofhardcashwasconsiderablyshortened.Butduringthenextfewdecades,thispathwilllikelyreverttowarditsmoretraditionallengthandreestablishinahealthyway,themoretraditional(andmoreindependent)relationshipbetweenthebasicresearchdoneatuniversitiesandthoseentitiesthattranslateideasintoproductsandservices.
Intheinterveningyears,anothernewforcealsogreatlyfacilitatedglobalization:
therapidgrowthoftheInternetandcheapwide-bandwidthinternationalcommunication.Today,complexdesignactivitiescantakeplaceinlocationsquiteremovedfrommanufacturing,otherbusinessfunctionsandtheconsumer.Indeed,thereisnowampleopportunityforreal-timecommunicationbetweenbusinessfunctionsthatarequiteindependentoftheirspecificlocations.Forexample,softwarearedevelopment,withallitschangesandcomplications,cantoaconsiderableextentbedoneoverseasforaU.S.customer.Foreigncallcenterscanrespondinstantlytoquestionsfromthousandsofmilesaway.Theresultisthatlow-wageworkersintheFarEastandinsomeothercountriesarecomingintoevenmoredirectcompetitionwithamuchwiderspectrumofU.S.labor:
unskilledinthecaseofcallcenters;morehighlyskilledinthecaseofprogrammers.
Therapidglobalizationofscience__________.
A.hasledtotherapidgrowthoftheInternet
B.hasdiminishedtherelativerewardsofscienceandengineeringcareers"
C.hasresultedinthefiercecompetitionofsci
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