英美文学文档.docx
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英美文学文档.docx
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英美文学文档
UnitOne:
OldandMedievalEnglishLiterature(450-1066-1350)
English/Anglo-Saxonconquest
TheRomanarmyleftBritainaboutAD410.WhentheyhadgonetherewasnostrongarmytodefendBritain,andtribescalledAngle,SaxonandJute(theAnglo-Saxons)invaded.
TheAnglo-SaxonslefttheirhomelandsinnorthernGermany,DenmarkandnorthernHollandandrowedacrosstheNorthSeainwoodenboats.
BeowulfasEngland'snationalepic
●Epic:
alongnarrativepoetryontheexploitsofanationalhero
●NotaboutEnglandbuttheirhomeinDenmark
●Existedinoralforminthe6thcentury(writtendownatthebeginningofthe10thcentury)
●ThelongestoftheearlyAnglo-Saxonpoems(3182lines)
1.WhatarethemainincidentsinthepoemBeowulf
1).Beowulf’sfightwiththemonsterGrendelinHrothgar’shall.
2).Beowulf’sslayingofGrendel’smotherinherlair.
3).Beowulf’sreturninglorytohisuncle,andhissuccessiontothethrone.
4).Beowulf’svictoryindeath,50yearslater,overthefiredragon.
2.HowmanygroupsdoestheoldEnglishpoetryfallinto?
Whatarethey?
Twogroups:
thepaganpoetryrepresentedbyBeowulfandthereligiouspoetryrepresentedbytheworksofCaedmonandCynewulf
3.WhatarethemaincharacteristicsofAnglo-Saxonliterature?
Anglo-Saxonliterature,thatis,theOldEnglishliteratureisalmostexclusivelyaverseliteratureinoralform.Itcouldbepasseddownbywordofmouthfromgenerationtogeneration.Itscreatorsforthemostpartareunknown.Itwasonlygivenawrittenformlongafteritscomposition.TherearetwogroupsofEnglishpoetryinAnglo-Saxonperiod.ThefirstgroupwasthepaganpoetryrepresentedbyBeowulf.ItistheoldestpoemintheEnglishlanguage,andthemostimportantspecimenofAnglo-Saxonliterature,andalsotheoldestsurvivingepicintheEnglishlanguage.ThesecondgroupwasthereligiouspoetryrepresentedbytheworksofCaedmonandCynewulf
TheconquestintheMiddleAges
●Normanconquestin1066byWilliam,DukeofNormandyfromNorthernFrance
●Onculture:
Frenchcustoms,traditionsandmanners
●Onlanguage:
coexistenceofthreelanguagesNormanFrenchbycitypeople,noblemanandroyalcourt,Latinbytheclericalandlearned,Englishbythecommon
●Onliterature:
medievalFrenchliteratureandliteratureofItalyandotherEuropeancountries
MiddleEnglishliterature
*Romance:
heroicadventures,foradventure’ssake,meetingwiththeevil,encounterwiththebeautifullover,typicalchivalricloveofthemiddleagesinEurope
*Threemajorthemes:
ThematterofBritain:
KingArthurandhisround-tableknights
ThematterofFrance:
Charlemagneandhispeers
ThematterofGreeceandRome:
TrojanWar,Alexander,theGreat
4.WhatistheinfluenceoftheNormanConquestuponEngland?
thebringingofRomancivilizationtoEngland;
thegrowthofnationality,i.e.astrongcentralizedgovernment,insteadofthelooseunionofSaxontribes;
thenewlanguageandliterature,whichwereproclaimedinChaucer
5.Howmanygroupsdothegreatmajorityoftheromancesfallintoduringthisperiod?
Whatarethey?
Thegreatmajorityoftheromancesfallinto3cyclesor3groups:
“thematterofBritain”(adventuresofKingArthurandhisKnightsoftheRoundTable),“thematterofFrance”(EmperorCharlemagneandhispeers),“thematterofGreeceandRome”(Alexanderthegreat,TrojanWar,etc.).
GeoffreyChaucer(1343-1400)
●Threeperiodsinhisliterarycareer
*TheFrenchperiod(TheRomauntoftheRose,TheBookoftheDuchess)
*TheItalianperiod(TroilusandCriseyde)
*Thematureperiod(TheCanterburyTales)
Artisticfeatures
*Messengerofhumanism
Chauceraffirmedman’srighttopursueearthlyhappinessandopposedasceticism;hepraisedman’senergy,intellect,quickwitandloveoflife;heexposedthesocialvices,includingreligiousabuses.
*Thefirstrealisticwriter
ItisChauceralonewho,forthefirsttimeinEnglishliterature,presentedtousacomprehensiverealisticpictureoftheEnglishsocietyofhistimeandcreatedawholegalleryofvividcharactersfromallwalksoflifeinhismasterpieceTheCanterburyTales
*“Father”ofEnglishpoetry
ChaucerintroducedfromFrancetheRhymedstanzasofvarioustypestoreplacetheOldEnglishalliterativeverse
*MasteroftheEnglishlanguage
Thefirstgreatpoetwhowroteinthecurrentlanguage;Londondirect
●TheCanterburyTales
*Thestory:
32pilgrimsincludingthepoetonthewaytoCanterbury,stoppedataninn.AttheproposalofthehostoftheTabardinneachwastotell4storiesonthewaytoandbackfromCant.Hostbetheguideandjudge,thebesttellergetsafreesupperatthecostofalltherestupontheirreturntotheinn.Thereshouldhavebeen124stories,butonly24werecompleted.
●Contributionofthework
*ThefirsttopresentacomprehensiveandrealisticpictureoftheEnglishsocietyofhistimeandcreatedawholegalleryofvividcharactersfromallwalksoflife
*Profoundnarrativeofcharactersandtruthfuldescriptionofhumanrelations
*IntroducedfromFrancetherhymedstanzasofdifferenttypestoreplaceoldEnglishalliterativeverse
*Thefirsttouserhymedcoupletofiambicpentameter/heroiccouplet
●iambic:
apoeticfootconsistingofanunaccentedsyllablefollowedbyanaccentedone.(eg:
alone;Myheartislikeasingingbird)
●pentameter:
alineofversecontainingfivefeet.
●Foot(音步,诗行中的节奏单位,每个音步中有一个重读音节):
aunitofmeter.Aunitofrhythminalineofpoetrycontainingonestressedsyllableandoneormoresyllableswithoutstress.
●Typesofstressexample
●Iambic抑扬格decide
●trochee扬抑格comfort
●anapest抑抑扬格represent
●dactyl扬抑抑格volleyball
●spondee扬扬格greenhouse
●Monometer单音步
●Dimeter双音步
●Trimeter三音步
●Tetrameter四音步
●Pentameter五音步
●HeroicCouplet(英雄双韵体)referstolinesofiambicpentameterwhichrhymeinpairs:
aa,bb,cc,andsoon.Theadjective“heroic”wasappliedinthelaterseventeenthcenturybecauseofthefrequentuseofsuchcoupletsinheroicpoemsanddramas.ThisverseformwasintroducedintoEnglishpoetrybyGeoffreyChaucer.
1.SummarizeChaucer’sliterarycareer
Chaucer’sliterarycareercanbedividedinto3periodscorrespondingwiththoseofhislife.Thefirstperiod(1359-1372)referstotheperiodofFrenchinfluence.InthisperiodhewroteinthemannerofcontemporaryFrenchpoets.Thesecondperiod(1372-1386)referstotheperiodofItalianinfluence,especiallyofDanteandBoccaccio.Thethirdperiod(1386-1400)referstotheperiodofhismaturity.Inthisperiod,heisnolongertheinterpreterofotherpoets.Hehashisownchoiceofsubjectanddiction,hisowngraspofplotsandcharacters.HismasterpieceTheCanterburyTaleswasproducedinthisperiod.Hemainlyusedthe“heroiccouplet”.
2.WhatisthesocialsignificanceofTheCanterburyTales?
TheCanterburyTalesismorethanamerecollectionoftrue-to-lifepictures.Takingthestandoftherisingbourgeoisie,Chauceraffirmsmenandwomen’srighttopursuetheirhappinessonearthandopposesthedogmaofasceticismpreachedbythechurch.Asaforerunnerofhumanism,hepraisedman’senergy,intellect,quickwitandloveoflife.Histalesexposeandsatirizetheevilsofthetime,asthedegenerationofthenoble,theheartlessnessofjudgeandsoon.WithespeciallyformidableforceChaucerattacksthecorruptionofthechurch.
Ballads
Balladsareanonymousnarrativesongsthathavebeenpreservedbyoraltransmission.Afolkballadusuallyfocusesononesubject.Thissubjectandtheeventsofthestoryareconveyedbothbythewordswrittenandthoseimplied.Theimpliedthoughtsareconveyedandemphasizedusingavarietyofliterarytechniquessuchassymbolism,repetition,andrhyme.
Therearevariouskindsofballads:
historical,legendary,fantastical,lyricalandhumorous.Inthenumerousballadstheage-longstrugglebetweentheScotsandtheEnglishisreflected.Atypicalexampleofhumorousballadsis“GetUpandBartheDoor”.
1.Whatisthemainplotof“GetUpandBartheDoor”?
2.Howdoestheanonymouswriterdevelopthecharacterizationintheballad?
Someliterarytechniqueshelptoheightenthedramainthisballad.“GetUpandBartheDoor”followsthetraditionalfour-linestanzaandabcbrhymeschemefoundinballads.Italsomakesuseofrepetitionofvariationsofthephrase“GetUpandBartheDoor”.Thisseemstosuggesttheurgencyofshuttingthedoor,andthedangertheinhabitantsofthehousesubjectthemselvestobylettingthedarknessofnightintotheirhouse.Characterizationissparse,butifanyadjectivesdescribethemanandwife,itis“stubborn”.Theirunwillingnesstospeakastherobbersentertheirhomeandeattheirfoodshowsthisstubbornness.Thoughhumorous,theballadhasaserioustheme:
One’sstubbornnesscaninadvertentlycauseharmtohimselforothers.
Stanza(诗节):
astanzaisagroupoflinesinapoem,seenasaunit.Manypoemsaredividedintostanzasthatareseparatedbyspaces.Stanzasoftenfunctionlikeparagraphsinprose.Eachstanzastatesanddevelopsonemainidea.
Meter(格律):
themeterofpoemisitsrhythmicalpattern.Thispatternisdeterminedbythenumberandtypesofstresses,orbeats,ineachline.Meterisshownbyavisualcode.Theaccentmark()indicatesthestressedsyllable,whilethemarkindicatestheunstressedsyllable.Oneunit,orcombinationofastressedandanunstressedsyllableiscalledafoot(音步).
UnitTwo:
TheEnglishRenaissance
Renaissance
“Renaissance”isaFrenchwordthatmeans“rebirth”.TheRenaissancefirstbeganinItalyinthe13thand14thcenturiesandwasarebirthoflearningandart.Inliterature,Dante(但丁),Petrarch(彼得拉克),Boccaccio(薄伽丘)wereprominent.TheRenaissancespread
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