六级习题1.docx
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六级习题1.docx
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六级习题1
PartIWriting(30minutes)
Directions:
Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayentitledCanKnowledgeChangeOne’sDestiny?
Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbelow.
1.有人相信知识能改变命运
2.有人则认为当今社会光靠知识已经很难改变命运
3.我认为……
CanKnowledgeChangeOne’sDestiny?
PartIIReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(15minutes)
Directions:
Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswerSheet1.Forquestions1-7,choosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).Forquestions8-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.
ComparingYourselftoOthers:
It’sNotAllBad
“Tocompareistodespair,”thesayinggoes,andI’vegenerallyfoundittobetrue.IfItryhardenough(andsometimesevenifIdon’t)Icanusuallyfindsomeonewhoperformsbetterorhasmore.AndIcanfeelbadaboutit.
Iobjectivelyknowthatmyownlifeisprettygood,butthisupwardcomparison,aseconomistsandpsychologistscallit,cansomehowdimmyownaccomplishments.“Comparisonisrifewithdanger,butit’sunderstandablewhywedoit,”saidHeidiGrantHalvorson,asocialpsychologist.“We’rehumanbeingsandwenaturallyseekinformation.”
Onewaytogetinformation,Ms.Halvorsonsaid,istoturntoexperts.Anotherwayistolookatthosearoundus.
Andoftenwhatweseeinourneighborhoodorcommunityismoreimportant,inourminds,thananythingelse.Economicstudieshaveshown,forexample,thatoncetheymakeacertainamountofmoneytocoverbasics,mostpeoplecaremoreaboutrelative,ratherthanabsolute,income.Thatis,mostofusfeelbetterifwemake,say,$100,000ifthemajorityofourneighborsmake$75,000thanifweearn$150,000whenmostofourfriendsbringin$200,000.
Onesuchstudy,“NeighborsasNegatives:
RelativeEarningsandWell-Being,”publishedin2005inTheQuarterlyJournalofEconomics,foundthat“higherearningsofneighborswereassociatedwithlowerlevelsofself-reportedhappiness.”Thepapercitestheoft-quotedsayingbytheeconomistandphilosopherJohnStuartMill:
“Mendonotdesiretoberich,buttobericherthanothermen.”
ErzoF.P.Luttmer,theauthorofthestudyandanassociateprofessorofeconomicsatDartmouthCollege,saidinatelephoneinterviewthatneighbors“influencewhatyouthinkisanormallifestyle,andyoustruggletokeepup.”
We’reoftentoldtoavoidcomparing,butthisisbothdifficultandnotnecessarilywiseadviceinallsituations.
Ms.Halvorson,whoisalsoauthorofthebook“Succeed:
HowWeCanReachOurGoals”(HudsonStreetPress,2010),saidweneededtothinkaboutwhywewereseekingtheinformation.“Upwardcomparisoncanbepunishingandmakeyoufeelterrible,”shesaid.“Butyoucanalsolookupwardtolearn.”
Ifwefeelbad,forexample,abouthowwellwejustplayedinagameoftennis,wecancheckoutthosewhoplayworsetomakeourselvesfeelbetter,andavoidwatchingthesemi-prosontheothercourt.Or,ifwebelievethatwecanimproveandlearnbylookingatothers—andnotjustfeelinferioraboutplayingworse—thenwecanwatchthebetterplayers.
Therearealsoprosandconstocomparingourselveswithpeopleworseoffthanourselves.It’snotgoodifwe’rejusttryingtogainasenseofsuperiorityoravoidingchallengingourselvestodobetter.Butsuchdownwardcomparisonscanremindusofourownfortune.Theycanalsohelpuswhenwethinkaboutthethingsweregretbutwecannotchange.
Aspartofastudyco-writtenbyIsabelleBauer,aclinicalpsychologistinToronto,104peopleofvariousageswereaskedtocompleteasurveyabouttheirgreatestmisgivings—choosingthewrongcareerpath,orfailingtomakeamendstosomeonewhopassedawayormarryingthewrongperson.
Thestudyfoundthatthosewhofeltthatotherpeoplehadregretsthatwere“more”or“muchmore”severereportedanincreaseinpositiveemotionswhenreassessedfourmonthslatercomparedwiththosewhosaidthatotherpeople’sregretswere“less”or“muchless”severe.
“Ifyoucan’tchangewhatyoudid,thendownwardsocialcomparisonhelpsusgainperspective,”Ms.Bauersaid.“Andthosepeopleareabletomoveonandre-engageinothergoals.Ifyoucompareupwardaboutthingsyoucan’tchange,thenyouseemtojustfeelstuck.”Butthosewhocomparedthemselvesdownwardandhadtheopportunitytodosomethingabouttheirregretsdidn’tfeelanymorepositiveovertime,shesaid.
Comparisonscanalsoserveasarealitycheck,particularlywhenspeakingaboutmoney.
MycolleagueRonLieber,forexample,wroteaboutNetworthIQ,asitethatallowspeopletoanonymouslyposttheirownnetworth.Wouldwebehappierandhealthier,heaskedreaders,ifweknewthenetworthofourfriends,colleaguesandneighbors?
Theoverwhelmingresponsewasno.Asonecommenterputit:
“Iamsickenedbytheideaofcalculatingone’s‘networth’intermsofmoney.It’sgoodtohavesavingsandit’sgoodtohaveanestinwhichonecannestlewhenoneexceedsproductiveyears.However,toexpressyourworthintermsofthe‘howmuch?
’questionisonemoresteptowarddehumanization.I’dratherfigureoutmynetworthintermsofhowmuchIamworthtotheworldinwhichIlive.”
Noteveryonefeelsthatway,ofcourse,andplentyofpeoplehavepostedtheirprofilesonNetworthIQ.com.
INGRetirement,aUnitedStates-baseddivisionoftheDutchfinancialservicesgroup,afewyearsagointroducedINGCompareME.com,whichallowsyoutoanonymouslytypeinyourprofile—yourage,income,genderandmaritalstatus.
Thenyouanswersomepersonalfinancequestions,liketheamountofmoneyyou’veputasideforretirement,yourmortgagepayments,whatyouthinkyou’llneedtosavetoretirecomfortablyandsoon.Youaretheninstantlycomparedwithyourpeers.
Iansweredsomeofthequestionsandseemedprettyaverage.IguessIwaspleasedourretirementsavingswereslightlyhigherthanthoseoftheother1,071peoplewhoansweredthequestionwithasimilarprofile,butIalsowasn’tsureifIshouldbe.Mightitjustmeanthatallofusaresavingtoolittle?
WasIgettingafalsesenseofsecurity?
Notatall,saidDenis-MartinMonty,vicepresidentofemergingproductdevelopmentatINGRetirement.Rather,itisausefultooltogetustothinkaboutthingsweoftendon’twantto—likehowmuch(orlittle)we’veputawayforretirement.
Thesitewasinitiallytestedamong28,000employeesofING’slargerclients.Whenaskedattheendofthesurvey,64percentofthosewhomeasuredthemselveschosetotakesomesortofpositiveaction,likeenrollinaretirementplanorincreasetheirsavingsrate.
Mr.Montyalsopointedoutthatstudiesshowthatmostofusthinkwe’reaboveaverage,whathecalledtheLakeWobegoneffect.
“Wetendtooverestimatewherewestandincomparisontootherpeople,”hesaid.Sopeoplearen’tnecessarilylookingathowmuchmorethey’reactuallysavingthanotherpeople,hesaid,buthowmuchmoretheythoughttheyweresaving.
Thesiterecentlyhitthemillion-usermark,Mr.Montysaid.
DavidLaibson,aprofessorofeconomicsatHarvardUniversity,whohaslookedattheimpactofprovidingpeerinformationonretirementsavingsdecisions(itcanbehelpful,butnotalways)agreedthatsuchcomparisonscanserveapurpose.
“Comparisonstolargegroupsofpeersareoftenuseful,”hesaid.“It’sneverthefinalwordonwhatIshoulddo,butitdoesgivemefoodforthought.”
Idoubtmostofusareevergoingtostopcomparingourselveswithothers.Themostimportantpointtokeepinmind,however,isasMs.Halvorsonsaid:
“There’salotofimperfectcomparisongoingon.Weneverseethewholepicture.”
1.WhatisHeidiGrantHalvorson’sviewofcomparison?
A)Ithighlightspeople’sachievementsinsomeway.
B)Itcanbeacceptedasawayofgettinginformation.
C)Itshouldbeblamedforcausinghopelessness.
D)Itmakespeoplefeelsatisfiedwiththeirownlife.
2.Accordingtoeconomicstudies,whatdomostpeopledowhentheyareabletomeettheirbasicneed?
A)Theyaremoreinterestedinrelativeincome.
B)Theydevotethemselvestocommunitycauses.
C)Theydesiretobecomericherandricher.
D)Theyassociatetheirhappinesswiththeirincome.
3.Theauthorsaidtheadvicethatpeopleshouldavoidcomparingis_______.
A)sensibleB)constructiveC)unwiseD)impossibletofollow
4.WhatistheadvantageofupwardcomparisonaccordingtoMs.Halvorson?
A)Itcanlightenpeople’smood.C)Itgainspeopleasenseofsuperiority.
B)Itmotivatespeopletoimprove.D)Ithelpspeoplegetridofbadhabits.
5.Whatdidthestudyco-writtenbyIsabellaBauerreveal?
A)Peopletendtocomparethemselveswiththoseworseoff.
B)Mostpeoplemakewrongdecisionsintheirwholelife.
C)Downwardcomparisonmakespeoplefeelmorepositive.
D)Upwardcomparingismorehelpfulthandownwardcomparing.
6.Ifthereisnothingpeoplecandoabouttheirregrets,Ms.Bauersuggestedthatpeople_______.
A)reflectontheirfailuresaloneC)lookatthepasttogainaperspective
B)lookupwardtolearnandimproveD)makedownwardsocialcomparison
7.AccordingtoRonLieber’sarticle,manypeoplethoughtthatknowingthenetworthofothers_______.
A)helpedchecktheirspendingC)wasthesourceoftheirmisery
B)hadinfluencedtheirlifestyleD)wouldnotmakethemhappier
8.Findingherretirementsavingswerealittlemorethanherpeers,theauthordoubtedifshewasgettingawrong______________________________.
9.Denis-MartinMontysaidthatpeopletendto________
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