机械毕业设计英文外文翻译254计算机集成化制造的工业总看法.docx
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机械毕业设计英文外文翻译254计算机集成化制造的工业总看法.docx
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机械毕业设计英文外文翻译254计算机集成化制造的工业总看法
英文资料
CIMIndustryOverview
1.Introduction
"Computer-integratedmanufacturing"
istheterrausedtodescribethecomputerautomationofthefactory,withallprocessesfunctioningundercomputercontrolandonlydigitalinformationtyingthemtogether.InCIM,theneedforpaperiseliminatedandsoalsoaremosthumanjobs.CIMistheostensibleevolutionaryoutcomeofcomputerofcomputer-aideddesignanddraftingandcomputer-aidedmanufacturing(CADD/CAM).
WhyisCIMdesirable?
Becauseitreducesthehumancomputerofmanufacturingandtherebyrelieverstheprocessofitsmostexpensiveanderror-proneingredient.ButCIMis,forthemostpart,anunrealizeddream.Theapplicationofcomputertotheactivitiesthatmakeupthemanufacturingprocessoccurredinbottom-upfashion;thatis,thepotentialutilityofautomationwasrecognizedattheworkingleveloforganizationslongbeforeitcametotheattentionofmanagement.CADD/CAMwasfirstappliedtonumericalcontrol(NC)programmingontheproductionsideofthefactoryandtoanalysisontheengineeringside.Later,itbegantobeusedindetaildrafting,andnowitisbeingappliedtoconceptualdesign.Theresulthasbeen"islandsofautomation"inwhichindividualprocessesareautomatedwithoutconcernforcompatibilitywithoneanother.Thescotch-afterproductivityhasbeendeferred.
WhatdecisionsmustmanagementmakestoimplementCIM?
AutomationinthefactoryisstillverymuchaprocessofEnhancingislandsofautomation,andfeweffortshavebeenmadetowardtheirintegration’s.Thesituationwillpersistuntilmanagementdealswiththefourgreatestobstaclestointegrated
Automation:
Thepressureofthepyramid
Theprerogativesofthepriesthood
Thepersonalityofthepowertools
Thepowerlessnessoftheperson
2.ThePressureofthePyramid
Howdoesafactorywork7Figure1isasimpleschematicdiagramofthe
Figure1Factoryfunctionblockdiagram
entitiesandprocesses.MostCADDvendorsandmanymanufacturingexecutivesbelievethatthisdiagramisreasonableabstractionofthefactorieswithwitchtheycomeincontact.Itdepictswell-definedareasofresponsibilityandauthoritywithsimpleflowsofinformation,goods,andservices.Theautomationofsuchafactorwouldbefast,easy,andinteresting....evenenjoyable.
However,thediagram-hasaslightflaw.Thisminorimperfectiondoeslittletodecreasethepopularityoftheviewpointrepresentedbythediagram,butitselucidationwillyieldimportantinsightsintoourfirstCIMobstacle.Theflawissimplythis:
Thediagramismeaninglessbecauseitbearsnorelationtoreality.ItisworthasmuchtoanorganizationalanalystasFig2isworthaphysician.
Inreality,thefactoryisaseethingcaldronofemotion,perspiration,nobility,
Figure2humanbodyfunctionalblockdiagrams
foolishness,greed,sincerity,selfishness,idealism,vanity,andgenerosity.Itisa
farugliersightthanabeehiveorananthill,anditisfarmoredifficulttocomprehend.Itsactualbeehiveorananthill,anditisfarmoredifficulttocomprehend.Itsactualoperationisalmostimpossibletodiagrambecauseitisshroudedinafograisedbytheheatofhumanactivity.
Howthefactorygottobethatwayiseasytounderstand:
Itsimplyagrewformitsoriginsinanunplannedway.Eachaddedelement....anewmachine,newmanagement,anewproductline....causedsometurmoilwhiletheorganizationadjustedtoitandultimatelybecamepartofanewequilibrium.Additionsthatdidnot"take"wereeliminated,ortheycausedtheorganizationtocollapse.
SinceCIMinvolvescomputers,thecomputerdepartmentisofteninthevanguardofCIMimplementationplanning.Althoughcomputerprofessionalsliketothinkoforganizationalgrowthascrystalline,withpuregeometricaccretionsaccumulatinginwell-orderedquanta,thepropagationofhumanorganizationsisusuallymessy.Organizationsaremadeupofpeople,eachofwhomisself-seekingandself-centered.Inadditiontotheirassignedresponsibilitiesandtasks,theydeveloprelationshipsandprocedurestoprotectandfurthertheirinterests.
Therelationshipandproceduresaremotdocumented;notaretheyderivedformtheorganization'sexplicitorimplicitpolicies.Butnomodificationoftheorganizationcansucceedwithouttakingthemintoaccount,justasnosurgerycanbesuccessfullyperformedwithouttakingintoaccountthecomplexnetworkinvolvedinthefunctioningofthehumanbody.
Almostallorganizationchartsarehierarchical;thereisopenpersonatthetopandtherearemanyatthebottomofthehierarchy,thatistheexplicitaspectofthepyramidthehiddensideofitcomprisestheselfseekingbehaviorpatternsoftheindividuals.
Naturalprinciplesalsoareatwork.Thereistheprincipleofinertia-thingstendtostaythewaytheyare.Peopledon'
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