MY LAW.docx
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MY LAW.docx
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MYLAW
Contractlaw
Offer&Acceptance
Issue:
Whetheritisanoffer.
Offer---isastatementofthetermsmadebyoneparty(offeror)totheotherparty(offeree).
Toproveoffer,itisnecessarytoestablishthatthereis:
1)Offerormusthaveanintentiontobelegallyboundonceitaccepted;
2)Itmustcontaincertaindefiniteterms.
3)Itmustcommunicatetotheofferee.
Invitationtotreat
Howtoidentifyoffer/invitationtotreat?
1)Intentionofthepartymakingthestatement.
Nointentiontobelegallybound=Invitationtotreat
GibsonvManchesterCityCouncil
Occasionswhenintentiontobelegallyboundondisplaygoods=Offer
E.g.Adisplaygoodswithstatement“Crazysaleof$1tofirstcustomernextSunday”.
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2)Acustomerdoesnotmakeanyoffertopurchasewhenhe/sheinspectsthegoods.
Gooddisplayinashopwindow/shelves/supermarkets=Invitationtotreat
Customermakeofferonlywhentakingthegoodstothecounterforpayment.
Cashier/shopkeeperdecidewhetherornottoaccepttheoffer
Thecashiermayrejectcustomerifthegoodareoutofstock/defective/others
PharmaceuticalSocietyofGreatBritainvBootsCashChemists
Advertisement
Generalrule:
Advertisementisregardedas=Invitationtotreat.
PartridgevCrittenden
Exception:
Unilateralcontractsor“anoffertowholeworld”
CarlillvCarbolicSmokeBallCo
Tender
Arequestforanorganizationtosubmittenders=Invitationtotreat
(一間公司提交標書給招標公司)
Exception:
Unlessitiscouplewithapromisetoacceptlowest/highesttender.
SpencervHarding
Auction
Advertisementofanauction,displayalotofanauction=Invitationtotreat
Biddertomakeoffer,andauctioneerdecidewhetheracceptornot.
PaynevCave
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Certaintyoftheoffer
Acontractmustbecontainthebasictermsoftherelevanttransaction.
Price-HowmuchisthegoodsIamgoingtosellyou?
ChuYutin&OthersvLoKwokHung
Property-HowmanygoodsIamgoingtosellyou?
Courtaretrytosavethecommercialagreementwhencontracthavebeenperformed.Courtrefers:
s.10SaleofGoodsOrdinance
Pricedeterminedbythecourseofdealingbetweenparties.
Ifpricehavenotset,itmustpayreasonableprice.
因為法院想保持商業協議,所以可能offer會由法院修改。
-Pasttransactionbetweenparties.
-Industrycustoms.
-Legislation.
-Anarbitrationclause.
Communicationoftheoffer
Revocationofoffer
Theofferorcanberevokedtheofferatanytimebeforeacceptance.
Nocontracthasbeenformed
PaynevCave
Exception:
Iftheofferisirrevocableorirrevocablewithinacertainperiod
Cannotbewithdrawattheperiod
Notificationoforderneednotbecommunicatedpersonallybytheofferor.
Itcouldfromthirdparty.(可以由第3方去代offeror取消offer)
DickinsonvDodds
Iftheofferdoesnotsetadeadlineforacceptance,theofferstillcanberevokeatanytimebeforeacceptance,unlesstheoffereeprovidesconsiderationtokeeptheofferopen.
Provideconsideration=Brokenthecontractandcompensateofferee
Noconsiderationtokeep=Revokeatanytimeisfine.
RoutledgevGrant
Counter–offer
Counteroffer---isanewproposalmadebytheoffereeinrespondtotheoffer
Counteroffer=Rejectionoftheoriginaloffer
Therefore,ifoffereeprovidecounteroffer,itisrejectoftheoffer,theoffernolongexist.
Theoffereecannotthenaccepttheofferafterwards.
HydevWrench
Rejectionoftheoffer
Iftheofferisrejectedbytheofferee,acontractwouldnotbeformed.
Offereeaskofferorpaymentmethod=onlyinquiry
Norejection/Noacceptance
Mayacceptofferafterwards
StevensonvMcLean
Offer-Death
Thedeathofoffereeorofferorbeforeacceptancewouldnormallyterminatetheoffer.
Offerordeath...=theoffercannotbeacceptedoncetheoffereeknowsthedeath.
FongvCilli
Offereedeath=offerwillnormallyterminate
Unlessthereisaoptionthattheofferwouldcontinuesaliveafterdeath
CartervHyde
Acceptance
Issue:
Whetherthereisanacceptance.
Toprovethereisanacceptance,itisnecessarytoestablishthattheacceptofoffereeis:
Unconditional;
Final;
Clearassent
totheoriginaltermsoftheoffer.
Unconditional
Unconditionalmeanstheoffereedonotaccepttheofferwhenhesaid“issubjecttocondition”.Nocontractwouldbeformed.
LungYukLunvGratefulfitIndustrialLtd.
Eventheconditionisagreebytheparty,butitwouldnoteffectuntilit’soperate.
Pymv.Campbell
Final
Ifagreementissaid“subjecttocontract”(受合約限制),itwouldnotbeafinalagreement.
Nocontractbetweenparties.
DartonLtd.v.HKIDL[2001]
Aprovisionalagreementbeforecontractinthesalesandpurchaseoflandisabindingcontract.
Untilpartiesreplaceanewone.
YiuYuPingv.FongYeeLan
Clearassent
Theassentoftermsofoffermustbeclear.
即係唔可以話…是旦啦….求其啦…一定要話我同意..就好似結婚咁..要認真同意先有效..
Ifthreerequirementsarefulfill.Thusmovetocommunicationofacceptance.
Communicationofacceptance
Acceptancemustbecommunicatedwiththeofferor.
Nocontractisformeduntilofferorknowthattheofferhasbeenacceptance.
PowellvLee
Therefore,silenceisnotsufficienttobeproved.
Exceptions:
Postalrule
Postalruleonlyappliedonacceptance(nousefulonrevocation.)
TheacceptanceoftheofferhasbeensentthroughmediumofPostOffice,thecontractwillbethemomentitisposted.
AdamsvLindsell
Exceptionsofpostalrule
Ifthereisaconsentofoffereeandofferorthat..
Writtenisnotprescribedasaacceptancewaysoftheoffer…
ThenPostalruleisnotacceptable.
Iftheofferorismadeclearbeforehandthatshe/hewouldnotbepreparedtobebounduntiltheoffereeacceptstheofferbywrittennotice.
HolwellSecuritiesv.Hughes
Exceptions:
Waiverofcommunicationofacceptance
Thetermsmayexpresslyorimplicitlytogiveupthecommunicationofacceptancewithofferor.
即是…不用回覆此郵件,有興趣請帶同現金去xxx報名。
Iftheoffercanacceptedbyconduct,thentheoffereedoesnotneedtonotifytheofferorinadvance.
Carlillv.CarbolicSmokeBallCo.
案件中carlill因為吃煙身體不舒服,carbolic用電視向廣大市民公開offer,「吃完不舒服可以退款」,但之后carlill去退款不獲受理,carbolic話這只是廣告.當然..這算是公開offer…carlill自己accept呢個offer..並唔需要同offeror溝通.
Acceptance–offeror’sfault
Ifthefaultisduetoofferor,theofferordoesnotknowthattheacceptancewasacceptbytheofferee.
Theofferorcannotdenytheacceptancethattheoffereehasbeencommunicationwithhim.
E.g.Writtenacceptancetoofferorplace.Offerorjusttakeondeskanddidnotsee.
Acceptanceisvalid,andoffereecannotdenytheofferee’spropercommunicationoftheacceptance.
Acceptance–offeror’sauthorizeagent
Ifofferorauthorizeanagenttoreceivethecommunicationofacceptance,thentheacceptancetakeeffectevenacceptanceiscommunicatedonlywithagent.
Methodsofcommunicationofacceptance
1.Ifofferorinsistaparticularmethodofcommunicationofacceptanceoffereemustfollowed.
2.Ifofferoronlyrecommendamethodofcommunicationofacceptanceallowothermethodsbetterthantherecommendmethod.
3.Ifnomentionthecommunicationmethodsofacceptancereasonablemethodsisok.
Whenacceptancetakeseffect
Acceptancetakeseffectwhenandwherenoticeisreceivedbytheofferor.
Instantaneouscommunication
TelephoneAcontractisformedwhenacceptanceofanofferisinstantaneouslycommunicated.
Simplewords,
iftheoffereeknowsacceptancemaynottakeeffectrepeatedit.Otherwisenoacceptances,nocontract.
IftheoffereedidnotknowtheacceptancesdonttakeeffectofferorknowAcceptancedone
Iftheoffereedidnotknowtheacceptancesdonottakeeffectnocontract
Emailalwaysdelays,butitcanrefernormalrule.
Messagedelaybythirdparty.
theintentionoftheparties,
--soundbusinesspractice,
--judgmentwheretheriskshalllie
Ifmsgsdduringbusinesshours.deemedtohavebeenreceivedevenofferordidnotsee.
TenaxSteamshipCoLtdvOwnersofthemotorvesselBrimnes(TheBrimnes)
IfmsgsdafterbusinesshoursMsgreceivedonnextday.
ScheldeDeltaShippingB.V.vAstrateShippingLtd.(ThePamela)
Consideration
-Givingofsomethingofvalueintheeyesofthelawinexchangefortheother’spromise.
ApromiseBsomething.
Apromisor
Bpromise
Itcanbeseeconsiderationasapurchasetothepromise.SinceBhastogivesomethinginreturnforApromise.BreceivedsomethingasabenefittoA.
Mutualpromises(相互)
Bothpromisearemadeinexchangetootherpromise.
AsellgoodtoB.
ApromisetosupplygoodtoBistheconsideration.BpromisetopaytheconsiderationtoA.
ApromisetosupplythegoodsistheconsiderationforBpromisetopay.
Noconsideration=Notvalidcontract.
Thereforeacontractmusthaveconsideration.
E.g.Donation.
Adonation$300toB.thisisApromise.Bhavenothingreturn.Itisagift.
Thismaybeanagreementbutnotacontract!
Becauselackofconsideration.
Therefore,Abreachthepromise,BnotabletosueforA.
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