LexisNexis合同法.docx
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LexisNexis合同法.docx
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LexisNexis合同法
LexisNexis合同法
Chapter1
SOURCESANDDEFINITIONSOFCONTRACTLAW
§1.01WhatisaContract?
Acontractisformedinanytransactioninwhichoneorbothpartiesmakealegallyenforceablepromise. Apromiseisacommitmentorundertakingthatagiveneventwillorwillnotoccurinthefutureandmaybeexpressorimpliedfromconductorlanguageandconduct. Apromiseislegallyenforceablewhereit:
•wasmadeaspartofabargainforvalidconsideration;
•reasonablyinducedthepromiseetorelyonthepromisetohisdetriment;or
•isdeemedenforceablebyastatutedespitethelackofconsideration.
§1.02TypesofContracts
Contractmaybeofthefollowingtypes:
1)Express–anagreementmanifestedbywords
2)Implied-in-fact–anagreementmanifestedbyconduct
3)Implied-in-law("quasi-contract")–notatruecontractbutanobligationimposedbyacourtdespitetheabsenceofapromiseinordertoavoidaninjustice
§1.03SourcesofContractLaw
1)CommonLaw–inmostjurisdictions,contractlawisnotcodified,andthustheprimarysourceofgeneralcontractlawiscaselaw.
2)Restatement–writtenbytheAmericanLawInstitutetoprovideguidancetothebenchandbar,theRestatementofContracts(currentlyinthesecondedition)hasnolegalforcebutneverthelessprovideshighlypersuasiveauthority.
3)UniformCommercialCode(UCC)–createdundertheauspicesoftheAmericanLawInstituteandtheNationalConferenceofCommissionersonUniformStateLaws,hasbeenadoptedbyeverystateexceptLouisiana. ProposedrevisionstoArticle2,governingcontractsforthesaleofgoods,havebeenfinalizedandpresentedtothestatesforenactment.
4)UnitedNationsConventiononContractsfortheInternationalSaleofGoods(CISG)–ratifiedbymanyoftheleadingtradingnationsincludingtheUnitedStatesandChina(butnottheUnitedKingdomandJapan),itgovernsmanytransactionsforthesaleofgoodsbetweenpartieswithplacesofbusinessindifferentnations.
5)UNIDROITPrinciplesofInternationalCommercialContracts–non-bindingauthoritativetextsimilartotheRestatement.
6)UniformComputerTransactionsAct(UCITA)–addressesissuesarisingoutofcomputerlicensingbuthasonlybeenenactedinVirginiaandMaryland.
7)UniformElectronicTransactionsAct(UETA)–adoptedbymoststates,thisactdoesnotaffectbasiccontractdoctrinebutgovernstheuseofelectroniccommunications. Itappliesto"transactions,"definedas"theconductofbusiness,commercialorgovernmentalaffairs." Thus,itdoesnotgoverncontractssuchasthosebetweenfamilymembersorwithnon-profitinstitutions.
8)ElectronicSignaturesinGlobalandNationalCommerceAct(E-Sign)–thisfederallawallowsstatestopreemptitbyenactingtheUETA.
§1.04ContractsfortheSaleofGoods
[1]ApplicationofUCC
Article2oftheUniformCommercialCodecoversalltransactionsforthesaleofgoodsotherthansecurities(article9)andleases(article2A). Itappliestoanyparty;itisnotlimitedtomerchantsalthoughindividualprovisionsmaybe.
[2]"Goods"Defined
UndertheUCC,a"good"isanytangiblethingthatismoveable. [UCC§2-105
(1)] Inadditiontomanufacturedproducts,"goods"include:
•growingcropsortimber,unbornyoungofanimalsandotheridentifiedthingsattachedtoland(otherthanmineralsorthelikeorstructures),regardlessofwhoseversthemfromthelandprovidedthattheycanberemovedwithoutcausingmaterialharmtotheland
•currencyexchangedasacommodity(asopposedtothemediumofpaymentforagood)
•mineralsorthelikeorastructureoritsmaterialstoberemovedfromrealtythataretobeseveredbytheseller
Theterm"goods"doesnotencompass:
•intangiblerightssuchasintellectualproperty
•investmentsecurities
•moneywhichisthemediumofpaymentforgoods
•mineralsorthelikeorastructureoritsmaterialstoberemovedfromrealtythataretobeseveredbythebuyer
[3]"Sale"Defined
UCC§2-106
(1)defines"sale"asthetransferoftitleforaprice. Contractsthatinvolvebothgoodsandservicesmustbeevaluatedtoseewhichconstitutestheprimarypurposeofthecontract,withthesecondarypurposebeingtreatedasincidental. Iftheprimaryfunctionofthecontractistoprovideaservice,theUCCdoesnotapply,evenifanincidentalsaleofgoodsoccurs.
[4]"Merchant"Defined
A"merchant"isone"whodealsingoodsofthekindorotherwisebyhisoccupationholdshimselfoutashavingknowledgeorskillparticulartothepracticesorgoodsinvolvedinthetransaction"orwhoemploysanagentorbrokerinsuchoccupation. [UCC§2-104
(1)]
[5]"GoodFaith"Defined
Everycontractforthesaleofgoodsimposesanobligationofgoodfaithdealingonallpartiesinitsperformanceandenforcement.[UCC§1-203] Allparties,includingnon-merchants,aresubjecttoUCC§1-201(19)whichdefines"goodfaith"as"honestyinfactintheconductortransactionconcerned." Merchantsaresubjecttoanadditionalgoodfaithstandard,setforthinUCC§2-103
(1)(b),whichrequires"honestyinfactandtheobservanceofreasonablecommercialstandardsoffairdealinginthetrade."
[6]"Record"Defined
TheproposedrevisionofArticle2reflectsthecontemporaryuseofelectroniccommunicationsbysubstitutingallpriorreferencesto"writing"with"record,"definedinproposedUCC§1-201(33a)as"eitherawritingoraretrievableinformationinacomputer'smemory,acomputerdisk,orthelike."
Chapter2
OVERVIEWOFCONTRACTFORMATION
§2.01MutualAssent
Contractformationrequiresmutualassenttothesametermsbytheparties,generallymanifestedbyanofferandacceptance(seechapters3and4). Currentlawfavorsanobjectivestandardfordeterminingaparty'sintenttobecontractuallybound. Thus,ingeneral,communicationsaregiventhemeaningthattherecipientofthecommunicationshouldhavereasonablyunderstood. Neverthelesssubjectiveintentisrelevantindeterminingwhetherthepartiesintendedtobebound. Withoutsuchsubjectiveintent,thereisnocontract.
§2.02BasisforRemedy
Avalidlyformedcontractmustprovideabasisfordeterminingtheexistenceofabreachandforgivinganappropriateremedy[Restatement§33;UCC§2-204]. Non-goodscontracts,accordingtotheRestatement,mustincludetermsthataresufficientlydefiniteandcertain;goodscontracts,ontheotherhand,do"notfailforindefinitenessevenifoneormoretermsareleftopenifthepartiesintendedtomakeacontractandthereisareasonablycertainbasisforgivinganappropriateremedy."
§2.03ContractFormationbyElectronicAgents
ProposednewUCC§2-204(4)recognizesthelegaleffectofcontractformedbyelectronicagentsresultingfrom:
(1) theinteractionofelectronicagentsoftheparties,evenintheabsenceofdirectparticipationinsuchcontractbytheparties(i.e.,theprogrammingofsuchelectronicagentssuffices)
(2) theinteractionofanindividualwithanelectronicagent,e.g.,awebsite,wheretheindividualhastheoptionofrefusingortakingactionormakesastatementthattheindividualhasreasontoknowwill:
(a) causetheelectronicagenttocompletethetransaction;or
(b) indicateacceptanceofanoffer,regardlessofotherexpressionsoractionsbytheindividualtowhichtheelectronicagentcannotreact.
§2.04ReceiptofElectronicCommunications
Anumberofcommunicationsrelevanttocontractformation–suchasanoffer,revocationofoffer,orrejectionofoffer–areeffectiveuponreceiptbythepersonforwhomthecommunicationisintended. Incontractsforthesaleofgoods,anylegallyeffectivecommunicationsentbyelectronicmeanshaseffectuponreceiptbytheintendedrecipient'selectronicsystem,e.g.,e-mailbox,evenifheisunawareofsuchreceipt.[proposednewUCC§2-213]
Chapter3 OFFER
§3.01WhatisanOffer?
[1]"Offer"Defined
Anofferisamanifestationofanintenttobecontractuallybounduponacceptancebyanotherparty. Anoffercreatesintheoffereethepowertoformacontractbyanappropriateacceptance.[Restatement§24]
[2]Communicationsthatdonotconstituteoffers
Thefollowingtypesofcommunications,whichdonotmanifestanintenttobecontractuallybound,donotconstituteoffers:
1) opinionsaboutfutureresults,includingprofessionalopinions
2) statementsofintention(includinglettersofintentwhichmerelymemorializenegotiations)
3) invitationstosubmitabid
4) priceestimates–However,wheretheestimateisdeemedtobeafactualmisrepresentationbecauseitwasmadebyanexpert,estoppelmaybeinvokediftheoffereereliedtohisdetrimentontheestimate.
5) advertisements,catalogsandmassmailings–Courtshaveruledthatitisunreasonableforonetobelievethatthemerchantintendstobeboundwithallwhomreceiveorreadsuchliteratureunlessthepowerofacceptanceisclearlylimitedtothefirstperson(s)thatfulfillstheactforwhichtheincentiveisoffered.
6) auctionswithreserve–Anauctionis"withreserve"unlessannouncedtothecontrary. Inanauctionwithreserve,theauctioneersolicitsoffersintheformofbids. However,iftheauctionisannouncedtobe"withoutreserve,"theauctioneer'srequestforbidsorhisstatementthatanitemwillgotothehighestbidderwillbedeemedanoffer.
§3.02WhenistheOfferEffective?
[1]Receiptofoffer
Anofferisnotvaliduntilreceivedbytheoffereeorhisagent. [Restatement§68]
[2]Durationofoffer
Iftheofferhasastatedtimewithinwhichtheacceptancemustbemade,anyattemptedacceptanceaftertheexpirationofthattimewillfailandwillmerelyconstituteacounter-offerbytheofferee. Ifnospecifictimeisstatedwithinwhich
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