跨文化商务沟通1.docx
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跨文化商务沟通1.docx
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跨文化商务沟通1
跨文化商务沟通
Chapter1TheNatureofInterculturalCommunication
Questions
1.Theunitedstateshaslongbeencalledameltingpot.whatdoesthistermmean?
Theterm"meltingpot"meansasocioculturalassimilationofpeopleofdifferingbackgroundsandnationalities;thetermimplieslosingyourethnicdifferencesandformingonelargesociety.
2.Whatdoesitmeanforafirmtobeglobal?
Whenafirmisreferredtoasbeingglobal,itmeansthatthecorporationisproducingandmarketingproductsinnumerouspartsoftheworld.
3.Giveexamplesofhowproductshavebeenglobalized.
Foranexampleofhowproductshavebeenglobalizedbuthavemaintainedthestatusquooftheareatowhichtheywereintroduced,studentsshouldbeinstructedtoconsultsuchreferencesasAxtell'sbooksandAdvertisingAge,whichcoversnewmarketingventuresofcorporations.AcomparisonshouldbemadebetweenhowtheproductselectedismarketedintheU.S.andinaforeigncountry.
4.Explainthedifferencesbetweennorms,roles,rules,andnetworks.
Normsareculturallyingrainedprinciplesofcorrectandincorrectbehaviorsthat,ifbroken,carryaformofovertorcovertpenalty.Rulesareformedtoclarifycloudyareasofnorms.Aroleincludesthebehavioralexpectationsofapositionwithinacultureandisaffectedbynormsandrules.Networksareformedwithpersonaltiesandinvolveanexchangeofassistance.
5.DefinedasubcultureandgiveexamplesofU.S.subcultures.
Subculturesaregroupsofpeoplepossessingcharacteristictraitsthatsetthemapartanddistinguishthemfromotherswithinalargersociety.ExamplesofsubculturesintheU.S.includeseniorcitizens,babyboomers,LatinAmericans,Catholics,tradeassociations,andself-helpgroups.
6.Whatisculturalsynergy?
Culturalsynergytakesplacewiththemergingoftwoculturestoformastrongeroverridingculture.Corporateculturesareanexampleofasynergyofdiversecultures.
7.Distinguishbetweeninterculturalcommunicationandintraculturalcommunication.
Interculturalcommunicationiscommunicationbetweenpersonsofdifferentcultures;intraculturalcommunicationiscommunicationbetweenmembersofthesameculture.
8.Identifythedimensionsofculture.
ThethreemaindimensionsofcultureasidentifiedbyBordenarelanguages,physical,andpsychological.Thelanguagedimensionisusedtocommunicatewiththosewithvaluesandbeliefslikeours.Thephysicaldimensiondealswiththephysicalrealityofourenvironment;itismeasuredobjectively.Thepsychologicaldimensionismeasuredsubjectively.
9.Identifytypeofbarrierstocommunication.
Barrierstocommunicationincludephysical,cultural,perceptual,motivational,experiential,emotional,linguistic,nonverbal,andcompetition.
10.Arebusinessculturesnecessarilyalignedtonationalcultures?
Toshowwhetherbusinessculturesarealignedtonationalculturestheanswershouldincludeinformationonhowparticularbusinesseseithermirrorthenationalculture,developtheirownuniqueculture,oraresomeplaceinbetween.Theanswershouldshowanunderstandingofthedifferencebetweenethnocentric,polycentric,regiocentric,andgeocentricmanagementorientations.
Case1
Inareceptionforapoliticalcandidate,theexplanationoftheculturalphenomenonwouldincludethefollowing.Peopletendtobreakintogroupswithwhichtheyfeelcomfortablewherecommunicationbarrierswillbeminimal.Thegroupdisplaysalackofsocioculturalassimilation.Thegroupshavenothadtocometogetherandthereforedonothaveculturalsynergy.Thegroupsarepracticingethnocentrismandfeeltheirculturalbackgroundiscorrectand,therefore,theyhaveapreferenceforpeoplewhobelieveastheydo.Thegroups,becausetheyareethnicallydivided,formsubcultureswithinthemacrocultureofthepoliticalparty.
Case2
Anexplanationoftheglobalizationoftheautomotiveindustryshouldincludethefollowingfactors.Asfirmsglobalize,itbecomesverydifficulttosayifacarisU.S.,German,Japanese,Mexican,orsomethingelsebecauseitismadeliterallywithpartsandlaborfromallovertheworld.TheJapanesedidtheirmarketinghomeworkandfoundoutwhattheU.S.marketwantedandgaveittothem.AsJapanisaverysmallcountryandyoumustproveyouhaveaplacetoparkacarinthelargercitiesbeforeyoucanpurchaseacar,theJapaneseobviouslyneedvehicleswhichareverydifferentfromthelargeautomobilesmostoftheU.S.manufacturersmake.AlsotheJapaneseareassemblingmanyoftheirautomobilesintheU.S.thataredestinedfortheU.S.markettherebyprovidingU.S.citizenswithjobs.ItmaybefairtoaskhowmanyU.S.carsareassembledinJapangivingJapaneseworkersjobs.Asfirmsglobalizeanotherpointisthattheyareraisingthestandardoflivinginthosecountrieswheretheydomanufacturing,whichwillinturnallowthosecountriestopurchasemoreofourgoodsandservicesinthelongrun.
Case3
IntheU.S.weexpectotherstohonortheirobligationstous.ThereforewhentheShahwasill,itwascorrectfortheU.S.toofferhimmedicalassistance.TheChristianreligionisbasedonanumberofcommandments,oneofwhichis揕ovethyneighborasthyself.擳heU.S.feelsitistheirresponsibilitytohelpanyoneinneedanywhereintheworld,butparticularlyfriends.TheIranianmindsetisbasedintheIslamicreligionwhichhasaverystrictcodeofaneyeforaneye,etcetera.TheIslamicIraniansfeltthattheShahhadsoldthemouttotheU.S.economicconcerns,andthereforefelttheShahshouldpayforhiswrongdoings.TheyalsofeltthatifthemedicalfacilitiesweregoodenoughfortherestofIrantheyshouldbegoodenoughfortheShah.BoththeU.S.andIransawtheirpositionsascorrectbasedontheirreligiousphilosophies,andneitherlookedatthesituationfromtheother’sperspective.Objectivityisdifficulttomaintainbecauseweconsiderourviewscorrectandtheotherculture’sviewsaswrong.
Case4
Mediahasmadeitpossiblefortheworldtoknowwhatisgoingoninanypartoftheworldatanytime.Theonlylimitisifthemediahaslimitedaccess.Thegeneralpublicdidnotknowwhendignitariestalked,met,agreed,ordisagreed.Itwasmucheasierbeforesatellitesforthegovernmentstokeepinformationfromthepublic.Politiciansandworldleadersnowhavetodealwiththeviewsoftheirconstituents.Ithasalsotendedtochangetheviewsofthepublicconcerningtheirleaders.Peopleformerlybelievedtheirleaderswerealmostsuperhumanandwerepraisedforthedevotion.Peoplehearmuchmoretodayabouttheirleadersandrealizetheyareonlyhumanbeingsandhavetendedtobecomemorecynicalaboutpoliticsingeneral.IntheUnitedStatespeoplerealizethatwhentheyhave揾elped?
othercountriesinthepast,therichgotricherandthepoorremainedinpoverty.Themoneynevertrulytrickleddowntothepoortohelpthem.Imelda,inthePhilippines,isprobablyoneofthebestexamplesofleadersusingmoney,equipment,andthelikemeantforthepeopleatlarge.Theleadersarenowinaglassbowlwhereeveryonecanseewhattheyaredoing.Ithasbecomemoredifficultforleaderstohidepoliticalmanipulationofthepublic.
Case5
TheuseofanethnocentricmanagementstylewouldbeverydifficultforAsiansifitwerecomingfromNorthAmericaorEuropebecausethisstyledoesnotaccountforculturaldifferencesintheworkforce.EthnocentricmanagementwouldnottakeintoaccountthecollectivisticnatureofAsians.Ifpolycentricmanagementpracticesarefollowed,thenwhicheverculturewouldbeworkinginanyothercountryinthetriadwouldconsiderthedifferencesinthecountry’scultureandwouldchangetheirmanagementpracticetofitthecultureofthecountry.Regiocentricmanagementconsidersasmallerareaofacountry,aregion.Geocentricmanagementallowslocationstooperateindependently.ItmaybedifficultforNorthAmericansorEuropeanstoadjusttothecountrycultureortheregionalculturesinAsia.ItmightalsobedifficultforsomeoftheEuropeansorNorthAmericanstoadjusttothecountryortoregionalculturaldifferences.EuropeandNorthAmericahaveverydiverseculturesthemselves.Manycompaniesnowhirefromwithintheculturetoavoidtheseproblems.
Chapter2UniversalSystems
Questions
1.Defineduniversalculturalsystemsandidentifythem
Universalculturalsystemsareformedoutofcommonproblemsofallcultures.Systemsthatareuniversaltoallculturesincludeeconomic,political,education,marriageandfamily,andsocialhierarchiesandinteraction.
2.Whydosocietiesdevelopeconomic/politicalsystems,andwhatdothesesystemsdoforthemembersofasociety?
Aculturedevelopsaneconomicsysteminordertomeetthephysiologicalneedsofitspeople.Theseneedsaremetbyestablishingasystemforproducingorprocuringgoodsandaprocedurefordistributingthem.
3.ComparetheeconomicsystemsofJapanandCanada.
Japan'seconomyisthestrongestintheworld;itisacapitalistic/freemarketbasedonmanufacturing,fishing,andexporting.Canada'seconomyisstrongworldwide;itiscapitalisticwithsocialisticcontrolsintheareasofhealthcareandtheretirementsystem.Theeconomyisdrivenbyindustrialplants,mining,fishing,andagriculture.Japanhasfewnaturalresources,andCanadahasmanynaturalresources.
4.ComparethepoliticalsystemsoftheUnitedkingdomandMexico
Englandisruledbyaconstitutionalmonarchywithaparliament.TheHouseofLordsarenoblemenwhoarelifeappointeesandChurchofEnglandbishopsandisthehighestcourt;theHouseofCommonsiselectedbycitizensage18andover.TheprimeministeristheleaderofthemajoritypartyintheH
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