名词解释+问题.docx
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名词解释+问题.docx
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名词解释+问题
Explanations
Chapter1
NewEngland:
thenortheasterncorneroftheUnitedStatesincludingthepresentstatesofMaine,NewHampshire,Vermont,Massachusetts,RhodeIslandandConnecticut.
GreatLakes:
thefivelakesbetweenCanadaandtheUS.TheyareLakeSuperior,LakeMichigan,LakeHuron,LakeErieandLakeOntario.
Chapter3
MayflowerCompact:
thefirstgoverningdocumentofPlymouthColony,draftedbythe“Pilgrims”whocrossedtheAtlanticaboardtheMayflower,seekingreligiousfreedom.ItwassignedonNovember11,1620.InthisCompacttheyagreedtosticktogether,toabidebymajorityrole,andtohavearighttochoosetheirownleader.
ThanksgivingDay:
Itisanannualone-dayholidaytogivethanksattheconclusionoftheharvestseason.TheUnitedStatescelebratesThanksgivingonthefourthThursdayofNovember.
Chapter4
BostonTeaParty:
ontheeveningof,1773,inBoston,whenshipsofteareachedBostonandthegovernorwasdeterminedtoseethatteawaslegallyprotectedinitsdistribution,agroupofangrycolonists,knownastheBostonTeaParty,dressedthemselvesupasIndiansandboardedthethreecompanyships,rippedopen342chestsofteavaluedat£17000,anddumpedalltheteaintotheharbor.
TheFirstContinentalCongress:
In1774,theFirstContinentalCongresswasheldinPhiladelphia,whichencouragedAmericanstorefusetobuyBritishgoods,andorganizedcolonialmilitiaunits.
Chapter5
Confederation:
aconfederationisagovernmentinwhichtheconstituentgovernments,calledstatesintheUS,createacentralgovernmentbyconstitutionalcompactbutdonotgiveitpowertoregulatetheconductofindividuals.
TheBillofRights:
In1789,JamesMadisonintroducedintheHouseofRepresentativesaseriesofamendmentswhichlaterweredraftedintotwelveproposedamendmentsandsenttothestatesforratification.Tenofthemwereratifiedin1791andthefirsttenamendmentstotheconstitutionwerecalledtheBillsofRightsbecausetheyweretoinsureindividualliberties.
Chapter6
MissouriCompromise:
in1820,theNorthandSouthreachedasolution,“MissouriCompromise”.Missouriwasadmittedasaslavestate,butthebalanceofpoliticalpowermaintainedbyadmissionofMaineasafreestate;inaddition,slaverywastobeprohibitedintherestofLouisianaTerritorynorthoftheline36’30’paralleloflatitude.
GettysburgAddress:
ItreferstotheshortspeechPresidentLincolnmadewhenhededicatedthenationalcemeteryatGettysburg.Heendedthespeechwith“thegovernmentofthepeople,bythepeople,forthepeople,shallnotperishfromtheearth”.
Chapter7
OpenDoorPolicy:
inSin-Americarelations,TheodoreRooseveltpushedtheso-called“OpenDoorPolicy”whichdemandedthatalltheimperialistpowersshouldenjoyequalchanceinChinaasfreelyasotheraggressors.
TheKuKluxKlan:
theKKKwasthefirstorganizedin1866andthenreformedin1867.TheKKKterrorizedandattackednotonlyblacks,butalsoprogressives,laborunionorganizerscommunistorsocialistpartymembers.
ProclamationofAmnestyandReconstruction:
itwaspassedin1866.ItdividedalltheformerConfederatestates,exceptTennessee,intofivemilitarydistrictsandeachwasputunderthecontrolofaNorthernarmyofficer.Theofficerhadthepowertokeeporderandtoenforcemartiallawifnecessary.
Chapter8
RoaringTwenties:
thetenyearsbetween1919and1929usuallycalledthe“RoaringTwenties”orthe“JazzAge”:
atimeofcarefreeprosperity,isolationfromtheworld’sproblems,bewilderingsocialchangesandfeverishpursuitofpleasure.
TheSocialSecurityAct:
in1935,itwassignedbyRooseveltwhichprovidedasystemofpensionsfortheretired,unemploymentinsurance,andcareforthedependentanddisabled.
Chapter9
TheColdWar:
a.InthepostwarperiodthedifferentbetweenRussiaandtheUSincreasedandledtoanewkindofwar,awar,withoutfighting,whichwascalledtheColdWar.
b.TheColdWarwasmarkedbyinternationaltensionandhostilityarousingfromvariousmilitary,diplomatic,social,propagandistic,andeconomicpressuresemployedbyonesideagainsttheordertogainadvantageeconomicallyintermsofsecurity,orintermsworldopinion.
c.TheColdWarwasendedwiththedissolutionoftheUSSRin1991.
TrumanDoctrine:
On,1949,PresidentTrumanputforwardtheTrumanDoctrineinhisspeechtothejointsessionofCongress.TheDoctrinemeanttosupportanycountrywhichsaiditwasfightingcommunism.
TheMarshallPlan:
ItwasannouncedbyGeorgeMarshallon,1947,andwastheeconomicaidplanforWesternEurope.ItwasalsousedtopreventthelossofWesternEuropeintotheSovietsphere.
Chapter10
Pocketveto:
Apocketvetoisalegislativemaneuverinlawmakingthatallowsapresidentorotherofficialwithvetopowereffectivelytoexercisethatpoweroverabillbytakingnoaction.
Federalism:
①Thedivisionofpowersbyaconstitutionbetweenthecentralgovernmentiscalledfederalism.②Federalismoperatesontwolevels,thenationalandthestate.③Unitsofgovernmentswithinastateenjoynoindependentexistence.
Separationofpowers:
Constitutionaldivisionofpowersamongthelegislative,executive,andjudicialbranches.
Chapter11
Selectiveveto:
Judicialreview:
JohnMarshall,themostfamouschiefjusticeinAmericanhistory,calledthepoweroftheinterpretationoftheConstitutionjudicialreview.
Chapter12
ElectionDay:
TuesdayafterthefirstMondayinNovember,eachleapyear.
Winner-take-all:
thecandidatewiththemostvotesinastatewinsallofthatstate’selectoralvotes.
Question
Chapter3
Q:
WhydidsomanyEnglishpeoplemovetotheNewWorldinthe17thcentury
A:
a.TheNewWorldwasagreatandrichland.IntheNewWorldtherewereallthoseresourcesnecessaryforagriculturalandindustrialdevelopment.
b.DuringthereignofQueenElizabethⅠ(1588-1603),theEnglishingrowingnumbersrealizedmaketheirfortunes,andtoworshipandliveaccordingtotheirbeliefs.
c.SomeofthemmightmovetoAmericatoleaveoppressivepoliticalinstitutions,toescapeburdensomechurchduties,toacquirelargelandholdingsormerelytochangetheirgeneralpatternofliving.Ofcourse,materialgainwasacommonfactor.
Q:
Whatwasthesocialstructureofthe13colonies
A:
Societyinthe13colonieswaslikeapyramid.
a.Thetopwasmadeupofmerchantsandlandlords.
b.ThebasewasmadeupofrefugeesfromEurope,blackslavesfromAfrica,andthenativeIndians.
Chapter4
Q:
WhatwerethemainthecontentsoftheDeclarationofIndependence
A:
TheDeclarationincludesthesefiveparts:
a.thePreamble,whichexplainswhytheDeclarationwasissued;
b.astatementofprinciplesofgovernmenttowhichtheAmericanpeoplewerecommitted;
c.alistofinjusticessufferedbythecolonies;
d.asummaryofeffortsthecolonieshadmadetoavoidabreakwiththemothercountry;and
e.Theproclamationthatthe“ColoniesareFreeandIndependentStates.”
Chapter5
Q:
WhatwerethechiefcausesoftheWarof1812
A:
a.TheBritishwerenotreconciledtothelossoftheirthirteencolonies.UsingCanadaasthebase,theyalwayschallengedtobattlewiththeyoungRepublic.
b.Thisangerreacheditspeakin1807whenoneBritishwarshipattachedandboardtheAmericanship,killingandwounding21menandimpressingfoursailors.
Q:
WhatpowersdothenationalandtheindividualhaveundertheArticlesofConfederation
A:
UndertheArticlesofConfederationthenationalgovernmentconsistedofonlyalegislature;ithadnoseparateexecutiveandjudicialdivisions.Thestategovernmenthadsolerighttolegislatemattersconcerningdebts,contracts,familyaffairsanditcouldtaxtheircitizens.
Chapter6
Q:
WhatwastheMonroeDoctrine
A:
TheforeignpolicyofJamesMonroe,the5th.President.Itwasannouncedin1823.TheessenceoftheDoctrinewas“AmericaforAmericans”,whichlaterbecameacornerstoneoftheUSforeignpolicy.
Q:
WhatwerethebasiccausesoftheCivilWar
A:
In1825,HarrietBeecherStowepublishedherfamousbookUncleTom’sCabin.ThisnovelhasbeendescribedasoneofthesignificanteventsleadinguptotheCivilWar.Twodifferentsocial-economicsystemsexistedsidebysideintheUS.IntheSouthslaverywasthefoundationoftheeconomicsystemwhileintheNorthindustryandcommercewerethemaincharacterofitseconomy.TheswiftlygrowingindustriesintheNorthrequiredtherestrictionofslaveryaswellasanexpandingterritoryinordertoprovidecapitalistproductionwithrawmaterials,marketsandabundantlaborsupply.TheslaveeconomyintheSouthwasanobstacletoindustrialgrowthandexpansion.ThiseconomicantagonismledtoincreasedconflictsbetweentheNorthandtheSouth.
Chapter7
Q:
DoyouthinkChicagoisacitywithgloriousrevolutionarytraditionWhy
A:
Yes.InChicago,fourstrikersdiedatthehandsofpolice.Onthenightofthe4th,1886,workersgatheredatHaymarketSquareofChicagotomournforthedead.Unfortunatelyeightleadersoftheworkers’organizationwerearrestedbythepolice.Newsspreadout.Workersofthewholecountryandofsomeothercountriesexpressedtheirsupport.PayingtributetoAmericanmartyrs,theSecondInternationalmeetingwasheldatParisin1889.ThemeetingadoptedaresolutiondesignatingMay1asInternationalLaborDaytobeobservedbytheworkersofallcountries.TheUSworkingclassmovementhadanewupsurgeattheturnofthecentury.OnMarch8,1909,womenworkersinChicagolaunchedabigstruggleforfreedomandequalrightswithmen.TheireffortswontherecognitionoftheSecondInternationalCongressofWomenSocialistswhichdecidedin1910thatMarch8eachyearwastobeobserv
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