英美文化美国部分.docx
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英美文化美国部分.docx
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英美文化美国部分
美国部分
一:
地理
人口第三(占全球4.5%)面积第四
50个州:
48continentalstates;2islandstates(Alaska,Hawaii)
东海岸:
AppalachianMountains阿巴拉契亚山脉
西海岸:
RockyMountains洛基山脉
MississippiRiver:
3rdlongest“FatherofWaters””OldManRiver”
fiveGreatLakes:
(21%ofsurfacefreshwater):
LakeSuperior,Michigan,Huron,Erie,Ontario(NiagaraWaterfall)
1.东北部:
NewEngland
·Vermont(绿山造船业发达),Maine,NewHampshire,Massachusetts(革命之地),Connecticut(康涅狄格州),RhodeIsland(罗德岛州,thesmallestinsize)
·Protestantinfluence:
新教徒(离开英国的国教)workethic勤奋→valuehardanddevotedwork
·Religiousfreedom:
Anti-colonialistlegacy反殖民→Independency
e.g.BostonTeaParty,RevolutionaryWar
·Townmeetings:
Modelfordemocraticgovernment民主
Nokingorqueen,everyonevotes.
·Politicalactivism:
Communityinvolvement国家政治不限于地域
Morefocusedonnationalpolitics
·Fishing&shipbuilding→工业革命(MostBritishnavyfleatsgetrawmaterialfromVermont)
·Intellectual&culturalcenter:
MIT;IvyLeague(8)常春藤
IvyLeague中,Columbia,Harvard,Princeton,Yale是最初的四所,与后来的Brown,Cornell,Dartmouth,Penn.合称常春藤
2.TheMidAtlanticRegion:
·两次迁都NewYorkCity→Pennsylvania(Philadelphia,宪法1787撰写地)→Washington,D.C.(确定三权分立)
·History:
EllisIsland:
Portforimmigrants隔离以防止传染病。
40%美国人的祖先:
欧洲移民(p.s.亚洲移民入口为AngelIslandinSanFranciscoBay);Philadelphia:
1776.7.4DeclarationofIndependence美国国庆日+1787Constitution
·Economy:
Financialcapital:
WallStreet,NYSE
3.TheMidWest中西部:
Illinois,Michigan,Minnesota(密西西比发源地),Iowa(农业州,粮仓)
·Heartland腹地TrueAmericanvalues土生土长较多移民少
·Idealformarketing&pollsters民意测验家(Business,Politics必争之地)
·Agriculture:
FarmingBelts(主要生产Wheat,Dairy,Corn,Tobacco,Cotton,Sugar后构成美国农业主要产品)
4.WildWest:
WashingtonState(Seattle);YellowstoneNationalPark(Wyoing,Idaho,Montana);California,NewMexico
·Forbiddingnature:
Tough&challenging.Volcanoes,earthquakes,mountains,deserts.
·Outdoorheaven:
skiing,beaches,vineyards(葡萄园)
·Toleranceofalternativelifestyles1960shippie嬉皮士运动
BeatGeneration垮掉的一代;Beatles
·NativeAmericanCulture印第安人
Navajos/Navahos:
BiggestIndiantribe
5.Southern:
Texas,Mississippi,Louisana(法),Florida(西班牙),Tennessee,Kentucky(畜牧),Virginia,
North&SouthCarolina,Alabama
·Cotton&Tobacco
·CivilWar(1861-1865)Reconstruction战后重建
·CivilRightsMovementin1960sMartinLutherKing,Jr.民权运动
·Independentspirit:
cowboys
·”Don’tmesswithTexas”:
theLoneStarState孤星州
6.Alaska(俄罗斯蕴藏油田)&Hawaii.
·Mt.Mckinley:
Highestpeak(inAlaska)
【重要】基本信息
Nationalflag:
TheStarsandStripes星条旗
红色:
courage白色:
purity蓝色:
justice
50颗星:
50个州十三条:
最初的13个殖民地
Vermont,NewHampshire,Massachusetts,RhodeIsland,Connecticut,NewYork,Pennsylvania,Maryland("TheFreeState"),Delaware,NewJersey,NorthCarolina,SouthCarolina,Georgia
Nationalanthem国歌:
“Star-spangledBanner”星条旗永不落
“Landofthefree,homeofthebrave”
首都:
Washington,D.C.,theWashingtonMonument纪念碑(位处WhiteHouse与JeffesonMemorial中间;亦位处LincolnMemorial与U.S.Capitol中间)CapitolHill国会山(国会建在此山上)theReflectionPool反思湖
人口组成:
68.5%White/Mixed;
13%Hispanic;
13%AfricanAmerican;
4%Asian;
1.5%Native
美国西部
AngelIslandImmigrationStationinSanFranciscoBay
·GoldRushin1848
·theChineseExclusionActof18821882年排华法案
“papersons”ofChineseAmericans排华法案后自称是美国华裔的孩子
二:
历史
1.AmericanTribes土著
与白人争夺buffalo皮与舌头
2.ChristopherColumbus1492欧洲人殖民(英、法、西、墨西哥)
3.Puritans:
modelsociety移民的清教徒:
民主的先驱政治参与度高
Tofleereligiouspersecution;Forself-governingcommunity;Asashiningcityuponthehill
13BritishColonies:
Virginia(最早),Massachusetts(Boston)
4.RevolutionaryWar
起因:
English-FrenchWar(formoreland)
英国土地多,因此派兵多。
欲征收重税作军饷VictoriousEnglishraisedAmericantaxes,遭到反对“Notaxationwithoutrepresentation”
BostonTeaParty波士顿倾茶事件
Militiaandpatriots民兵、散兵(法国联合美国)v.s.RedCoat(英国)
1775年:
Lexington雷克星顿第一枪(Massachusetts马萨诸塞州)“独立战争”爆发
1776年7月4日(国庆节):
DeclarationofIndependence独立宣言(Philadelphia,Pennsylvania宾州费城ThomasJefferson)
华盛顿组织大陆军
1781年:
EnglandsurrenderatYorktown,Virginia.英国被美法联合打败。
1787年:
Constitution&FoundingFathers国父。
包括以下人物:
Framers:
JamesMadison(“FatheroftheConstitution”,4thpresident)
BenjaminFranklin
AlexanderHamilton(1stUSSecretaryoftheTreasury)
GeorgeWashington(1stpresident)
Signers:
JohnAdams(2ndpresident)
ThomasJefferson(drafteroftheDeclarationofIndependence,3rdpresident)
JohnJay
Capitals引发两次迁都:
NewYork受损严重迁往费城(签署独立宣言及制宪)后迁往WashingtonD.C.(华盛顿为第一任总统)
5.ManifestDestiny领土扩张
WestwardMovement西进运动fromAtlantictoPacific
1803年PresidentJefferson从Napoleon手中购入Louisiana,doubledthecountry’ssize
与印第安人的territorialwars&landtreaties:
nativeAmericansweredispossessedoflandthroughdeceptionsandconflicts
1830“IndianRemovalAct”排印第安人“Trialoftears”
1862”HomesteadAct”填补空地Lincoln
Battleslasteduntil1876此时土著人口丧失92%
6.CivilWar
非洲奴隶贸易&美国南部种植园经济:
slaveslaboredoncotton,tobaccoandsugarcaneplantations不人道
1600s—1865
Political,economicandmoraldivisionsbetweentheNorthandtheSouth分歧产生
Congressoutlawedtheimportsofslavesafter1808
Slavestatesv.s.Newwesternstatesbecamefreestates
Lincoln(antislavery;1stRepublicanpresident)becamePresidentin1861
SouthernStatesbrokeawayfromtheunion脱离联邦,组成邦联
theConfederateStates/Confederacy
AgriculturalSouth:
Militaryleaders,steelyresolve
IndustrialNorth:
Communications,manufacturing,manpower
Result:
theSouthwasdefeatedin1865
Reconstruction战后重建期
7.IndustrialRevolution工业革命
AftertheIrishandtheChinesebuiltthetranscontinentalrailwayacross
J.P.Morgan:
Banking;JohnRockefeller:
Oil;AndrewCarnegie:
Steel
Traditionofphilanthropy企业家慈善传统
Themiddleclass:
ProgressiveMovement.
Advocateworkers’rights;Improveworkingconditions
8.PutanEndtoIsolationism孤立主义
远离欧洲干涉:
GeorgeWashington’sFarewellAddress:
Unnecessaryalliances;Foreignentanglements(纠结)
MonroeDoctrine门罗宣言1823“AmericaforAmericans”
1867AlaskapurchasefromRussia
1898Spanish-AmericanWar&Hawaiiannexation
Policemanoftheworld世界警察
Early1900s:
TheodoreRooseveltDeterrence(震慑)throughmilitarypreparedness.Bigstick大棒政策;Seapower发展海军力量(加勒比海);PanamaCanalopenedupin1914巴拿马运河
GiledAge
WorldWarOne1914-1918
TheAllies协约国:
UK,Russia,Italy,France,US组成联盟(威尔逊总统)
TheCentralPowers同盟国:
Germany,Austria-Hungary,Turkey
9.GreatDepression大萧条
1920s:
RoaringTwenties喧嚣的二十年代(Jazz,dancing,happiness)
Massconsumptionandproduction生产过剩
Speculation投机行为stockmarktcollapse1929.10.24
FranklinD.Roosevelt’sNewDeal罗斯福新政(重新发牌)取代总统胡福
颁布许多法案billstoacts,重振经济WPAPWAAAA
10.WorldWarTwo1939-1945
TheAxispowers:
Germany,Italy,Japan
TheAllies:
UK(theBritishEmpire),France,USSR(UnionofSovietSocialistRepublics苏联),China,US
1941.12.7日本偷袭JapaneseattackonPearlHarbor
Normandylanding诺曼底登陆Eisenhower(34th;1953-1961)Patton
GeneralPurpose/GP:
“JEEP”吉普车
1942TheManhattanProject曼哈顿计划
1945PresidentTruman(33rd;1945-1952):
AtomicbombsonJapaninsteadoftroops原子弹短平快广岛,长崎
11.TheColdWar冷战时期
1947MarshallPlan(TurkeyandGreece)马歇尔计划
1949NATO(NorthPacificTreatyOrganization)created北约成立
SenatorMcCarthyinvestigatedCommunistactivities质疑本国有共产党活动
PresidentTruman’scontainmentofCommunistcountries抑制共产主义扩散
1950-1953KoreanWar朝鲜战争麦克阿瑟
1964-1975VietnamWar越战
“mayweneverforgetthatfreedomisnotfree”
ArmsRace/SpaceRace军备竞赛,太空竞赛
Proliferationofnuclearweapons防止核武器扩散
1962Cubanmissilecrisis(临近Florida)
1963JohnF.Kennedywasassassinated总统肯尼迪被暗杀
12.TheTurbulentSixties动荡、暗杀
1964-75VietnamWarpolarizedthenation国家分裂;58,000liveslost
1964GreatSociety.PresidentJohnson’s“CivilRightsAct”endedracialsegregation约翰逊民权法案(Rightsofwomen,homosexualsandimmigrantworkers)
1969ApolloProject阿波罗计划NeilArmstrong
(1),Aldrin,Jr.
(2)
三.政治制度
1787theConstitutioneffectivein1789
1791theBillofRights人权法案(宪法前十个修正案:
包括rightsofreligion,speech,press,assemble,petition)
1.Separationofpowers三权分立
●Legislative:
congress国会
Houseofrepresentatives众议院。
各州按比例选举。
共435人2年任期
senate参议院。
每州两人。
共100人6年任期,每两年改选1/3的人。
●Executive:
白宫。
President,ExecutiveOfficerofthePresident(EOP)
NationalSecurityCouncil(NSC)国家安全委员会
Vicepresident。
作用:
tie-breaker参议院投票时打破50-50僵局
Cabinet内阁:
Secretariesof15Departments部长
●Judicial:
⏹SupremeCourt最高法院1ChiefJustice+8AsscociateJustices大法官
◆Life-terms终生任职
◆AppointedbythePresident
◆Judicialreview司法审查constitutionality违宪与否
⏹circuitcourtofappeal联邦上诉法院
⏹districtcourt州地方法院
2.权利制衡Checksandbalances
总统条件:
UScitizen,出生在美国,35岁以上,14年以上居住在美国
最多两届任期(2*4=8年)
commander-in-chief总司令(Congressdeclareswar只有国会才能宣战)
EnforceFederallaws执行联邦法律
Conductforeignaffairs参加外国事务
Approves/VetoeslawsmadebyCongress通过/否决国会之立法
Appointsmajorofficials指任要员(approvedbySenate)
3.Federalism联邦主义
Federalgovernment;Stategovernment;Localgovernment
“Outofmany,one”合众而为一
人权法案(宪法前十修正案)“WeThePeople”:
规定信仰、言论、出版、集会、请愿自由;持枪自由“God,Guns,GutsmadeAmerica”
政党:
驴象之争
·驴Donkey民主党Democrats
Moreliberal;Strongergovernment;Highertaxes重税赋并用于社会安保、医疗保障;Socialprograms
民众基础:
Minorities少数派(民众基础);Women;Homosexuals
·象Elephant共和党Republicans(GrandOldPartyGOP)
Sociallyconservative保守;Staterights各州分权,少管制;Freeenterprise自由企业精神,少征税;Strengthenmilitary战事
民众基础:
Middleclass中产阶级;Businessinterests商业利益;Farmingcommunity
选举示例:
E.g.加州人口大州占众议院比例大
HouseofRepresentatives:
53人+Senate:
2人=55人选举人团ElectoralCollege(决定大选结果)
国会合计House435+Senate100=535张票
Crosspartylines---Moreloyaltohomeconstituents对选民负责
Lobbyingofspecialinterestgroups特殊利益集团游说例如jews犹太人(即便仅占人口比例2%却呼风唤雨)
FromWatergatetoZippergate尼克松水门事件到克林顿拉链门事件
Nixonresignedin1974
JimmyCarter:
energycrisis
RonaldReagan(R):
conservativeagenda,starwars,taxcuts
BushSr.:
DesertStorm伊拉克沙漠风暴
BillClinton:
boomingeconomyZippe
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