常见物质的性质与变化Properties and changes of common substances.docx
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常见物质的性质与变化Properties and changes of common substances.docx
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常见物质的性质与变化Propertiesandchangesofcommonsubstances
常见物质的性质与变化(Propertiesandchangesofcommonsubstances)
Topictwopropertiesandchangesofcommonsubstances
Measurementandcontrolnavigationtable
Knowledgepoint
Thequestionsanddifficulty
Materialproperties
1,5,11
Propertiesandchangesofwaterandsolution
2,8(middle)
Aircomposition
Three
Propertiesofmetals
4,9(middle)
Acids,bases,salts
6,13,17(middle),18(middle)
Changesandpropertiesofmatter
7,10(middle),12,15,16(middle)
Materialchangetype
Fourteen
First,themultiple-choicequestion
1.(2011GuangxiGuilin)isaplasticplasticizersoftener,bannedfrombeingaddedinfood.Thefollowingpropertiesofplasticizersarechemicalproperties(C)
A.colorlessviscousliquid
B.meltingpoint-50DEGC
C.haschronictoxicity
D.issolubleinmostorganicsolvents
2.(2011AnhuiChaohuversion)WorldWaterDayMarch22,2011themeis"citywater:
respondingtotheurbanchallenge".Thefollowingstatementaboutwateriswrong(A)
A.waterpollutionhasnothingtodowithhumanactivities
B.thewaterinnatureisnotpurewater
C.tapwatercanbesterilizedbyaddingchlorinegas
D.theavailablefreshwaterresourcesontheeartharelimited
3.(2011Sichuan,Dazhou)DazhouMay20,2011airqualityreport:
OldCityairpollutionindexwas64,airqualityclassII,theairqualityisgood,themainpollutantintheairisrespirableparticulatematter.Thefollowingstatementabouttheelementsofairiscorrect(B)
A.oxygenischemicallyactiveandbelongstofuel
B.nitrogenisnotchemicallyactiveandcanbeusedforfoodpreservation
ThegreatertheairqualitylevellistedintheC.airqualityreport,thebettertheairquality
D.carbondioxideintheaircontentincreases,willcausegreenhouseeffect,belongingtoairpollutants
Analysis:
oxygenbelongstocombustionsupport,Awrong;airqualityreportlistedintheairqualitylevelissmaller,theairqualityisbetter,Cwrong;carbondioxidecancausegreenhouseeffect,butnotairpollutants,Dwrong.
4.(2011AnhuiChaohu)WuhuironpictureisanexoticflowerinthegardenofArtsandcraftsChina.Itismadeofsteelasmainmaterialandmadebymulti-processsuchasforging,welding,picklingandpainting.Whichofthefollowingstatementsisnottrueabouttheiron(D)
A.paintingshouldbehunginadryenvironment.
TherustonthematerialusedinB.canbecleanedwithdilutehydrochloricacid
C.tomakepaintingTiehuamoldingisbeautifulandcanrust
ThemainmaterialusedinD.,lowcarbonsteel,hasbetterforgingproperties.Itdoesnotbelongtoferrousalloys
Analysis:
A,Coptionapproachcanpreventironrust,correct;BreactionforFe2O3+6HCl2FeCl3+3H2O,right;lowcarbonsteelbelongstoironalloy,Doptionerror.
5.(2011Anhui)amethodofreasoningcommonlyusedinscientificinquiry.Accordingtothefollowingexperimentalfacts,theconclusioniscorrect(C)
number
Experimentalfacts
empiricalconclusion
A
Asolutiontophenolphthaleinsolutionturnsred
ThesolutionmustbeNaOHsolution
B
Asubstancecanconductelectricity
Thesubstancemustbeametallicsubstance
C
Determinationoftemperatureatroomtemperature
PH=3ofsolution
Thesolutionmustbeacidic
D
Agasdoesnotcarryaband
Marsbarsagain
Thegasmusthavenooxygen
Analysis:
makeredphenolphthaleinsolutionisalkalinesolution,isnotnecessarilythesolutionofNaOH,Aandpartofthesolutioncanbewrong;graphiteconductivemetals,butnotB,wrong;ifagascanmakeMarswithwoodagain,mayalsobetheoxygenpurityisnothighenough,D.
6.(Guangdong,Zhaoqing,2011)thefollowingsolutionsarecolorlessandcancoexistinlargeamountsatpH=1(C)
A.CuSO4NaClKNO3
B.NaOHNaClNaNO3
C.Na2SO4NH4ClZnCl2
D.K2SO4AgNO3NaCl
Analysis:
whenpH=1,H+existsinthesolution.InthecaseofH+:
Acancoexist,butCuSO4solutionisblue;NaOHdoesnotcoexistwithH+inB;AgNO3doesnotcoexistwithNaClinD;noprecipitationinC,gasandwatercancoexist.
7.(2011,Sichuan,Ya'an)throughjuniorhighschoolchemistrystudy,wecansumuporfindalotofknowledgewithacertainregularity.Inthefollowingdescriptionofthelaw,thecorrectoneis(C)
A."carbon"isalargefamily,allofwhichcontaincarbon
B.allacidsmustcontainoxygen
WhentheC.metalreactswiththeacid,thequalityofthesolutionincreases
D.acid,alkaliandsaltcanreactwitheachother
Analysis:
somesubstancesdonotcontaincarbon,Aerror;allacidsarecontainedinhydrogen,butnotnecessarilycontainsoxygen,Berror;metalandacidreplacementreactionafterheavymetalsintosolution,hydrogenisreplaced,solutionqualityareincreased,Ccancorrect;doubledecompositionreactionbetweenacidandalkali,saltinthemetathesisreactionconditions,Derror.
8.(Shandong,Dezhou,2011),asshowninthesolubilitycurvesofsolidmatterXandY.WhenthetemperatureisT2degreescentigrade,theXandgofaandYarerespectivelyplacedin100gwater,andthefollowingtableisusedtojudgethestateofthesolutionandthemeasurestakentosaturatetheunsaturatedsolution.Whichiscorrect(B)
Answer:
(1)black
(2)H2SO4+Ca(OH)2CaSO4+2H2O(3)SO2
14.,peopledividethechemicalpropertiesofsubstancesintotwobroadcategories.Oneisthereactionwithothersubstancestoformnewsubstances,andtheotheristodecomposethemselvesintosimplersubstances.Thefigurebelowshowstherelationbetweentheclassificationofthechemicalpropertiesofthematerialandthetypeofchemicalreaction.
(1)pleasefillintheblankswiththeserialnumbersofthechemicalpropertiesofthefollowingtwosubstances:
Ii.
A.sulfurinoxygencombustionheatdecompositionB.mercuricoxide
(2)pleasefillintheblankswiththenamesoftwochemicalreactiontypesotherthanthefigureabove:
(III).
Analysis:
inthebasictypeofchemicalreaction,thedecompositionreactionbelongstothereactionof"selfdecompositionintosimplersubstance",andtheotherthreetypesbelongtothetypeof"reactionwithothersubstancestoproducenewsubstances".
Answer:
(1)a,B
(2),metathesisreaction,anddecompositionreaction
15.(Shandong,Linyi,2011)known:
Aisthesmallestrelativemolecularmassofoxides,Disthesimplestorganiccompounds,butalsothemostimportantcomponentofnaturalgas.PleaseanalyzetherelationshipbetweenA,B,C,DandE,andanswerthequestionsaboutthefivesubstances.
(1)pleasewritethechemicalexpressionsofDandE:
D,E.
(2)pleasewritedownthechemicalequationofAB+C:
;
Thebasictypeofthereactionis.
Therelativemolecularmassofoxideisthesmallestwater,organicmatteristhemostsimplereactionofmethane,2H2O2H2=+O2=CH4+2O2CO2+2H2O.
Answer:
(1)CH4CO2
(2)2H2O2H2=+O2=decompositionreaction
16.(2010FujianXiamen)ChinesescientistCharlesKaoformanufacturingfiberwithhighpuritysilicaglass,wasawardedthe2009Nobelprize.Theprincipleofproducinghigh-purityquartzglassfromquartzsand(maincomponentSiO2)isasfollows:
Quartzsand,silicon(coarse)four,siliconchloride(coarse),foursiliconchloride(pure),silica(pure)
Pleaseanswerthequestions:
(1)anotherproductoftheknownreactionisapoisonousgas,
Theuseofthisby-productis.
(2)theknownreactionisacombinationreaction,andthechemicalequationofthereactionis
.
(3)theknownreactionisadisplacementreaction,andthechemicalequationofthereactionis
.
(4)thehighpuritysiliconcanbeproducedbychangingtheoxygeninthereactiongrouptohydrogen.Thechemicalformulaoftheotherproductis.
Analysis:
(1)reactionShiEisaandcarbonathightemperaturereaction,thetoxicgasgeneratedisCO,COisflammable,canbeusedasfuel;hasthereducibility,canbeusedforsmeltingmetal.
(2)accordingtotheinformation,thereactionisSiandchlorinereactathightemperaturetoproducefoursiliconchloride.(3)reactionfoursiliconchlorideandoxygenat1300degreesofsubstitutionreactiontoproducesilicaandchlorine,iftheoxygenintohydrogen,becausechlorinecanreactwithhydrogen,itsproductsaresiliconandhydrogenchloride.
Answer:
(1)COfuelormetalsmeltingandotherreasonableanswerscanbe
(2)Si+2Cl2SiCl4
(3)SiCl4+O2SiO2+2Cl2
(4)HCl
17.(2011,Jiangsu,Nantong)thefollowingistheinductionandarrangementofthereactionbetweensodiumchlorideandsodiumchloride.
Pleaseanswerthefollowingquestions:
(1)thesubstanceAisthecommonbase,andthechemicalformulaofAiswritten:
.
(2)writethechemicalequationofthereaction:
.
(3)nameoneofthemedicalusesofNaHCO3:
.
(4)thecauseofthereaction,andthefifthandthesixthisto
.
(5)thelaboratoryprepared200g8%ofNaClsolution,thequalityofwaterrequiredisg,andinpreparationprocess,inordertospeedupthedissolutionofNaCl,themeasurescanbetaken.
Analysis:
(1)containingsodiumalkaliissodiumhydroxide;
(2)sodiumreactswithHCl,thereplacementofthehydrogeninanacid;(3)NaHCO3inlifeformanypurposes,forthetreatmentofheartburninmedicaltreatment;(4)thereaction,four,fiveandsixaredoubledecompositionreactioncanbeproducedbecauseofantisedimentation,gasorwater;(5)waterquality:
200*g(1-8%)=184gmethod;acceleratethedissolvedsolidsmixing,particlecrushing,temperatureetc..
Answer:
(1)NaOH
(2Na+2HCl2NaCl+H2=2)
(3)treatmentofgastricacidexcess
(4)becausetheyareproducedbyoneofwater,gas,orprecipitation
(5)184continuousmixingwithglassrods(otherreasonableanswerscanbe)
18.(2011ShandongYantaiadaptation)soillesscultureisamethodofgrowingcropsusingnutrientsolutions.
(1)thefollowingch
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