英语词汇学教程参考答案杨信彰.docx
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英语词汇学教程参考答案杨信彰.docx
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英语词汇学教程参考答案杨信彰
《英语词汇学教程》参考答案
Chapter1
1.Thethreedefinitionsagreethatlexicologystudieswords.Yet,theyhavedifferentfocuses.Definition1focusesonthemeaningandusesofwords,whiledefinition2ontheoverallstructureandhistory.Definition3regardslexicologyasabranchoflinguisticsandfocusesonthesemanticstructureofthelexicon.Itisinterestingtonotethatthethreedefinitionsusedifferentnamesfortheobjectofstudy.ForDefinition1,itiswords,forDefinition2
thevocabularyofalanguage,andforDefinition3thelexicon.
2.
(1)Theycangointotheroom,andiftheylike,shutthedoor.
(2)Youboysarerequiredtogiveinyourhomeworkbefore10o?
clock.
(3)Iwatchthefootballmatchhappilyandfinditveryinteresting.
3.
(1)Whenitfollows,-t?
and,-d?
itispronouncedas[id];
(2)Whenitfollowsvoicelessconsonants,itispronouncedas[t];
(3)Whenitfollowsvoicedconsonantsandvowels,itispronouncedas[d].
4.
(1)Theyarewordsthatcanbeincludedinasemanticfieldof“tree”.
(2)Theyrepresenttheformsoftheverb“fly”andhaveacommonmeaning.
(3)
Theybelongtoalexicalfieldof“telephonecommunication”.
(4)
Theyaresynonyms,relatedtohumanvisualperception.Specifically,theydenotevariouskindsof“looking”.
5.(a)'blackboard:
aboardwithadarksmoothsurface,usedinschoolsforwritingwithchalk(theprimarystressinonblack);
'blackbird:
aparticularkindofbird,whichmaynotnecessarilybeblackincolor(theprimarystressinon
black);
'greyhound:
aslender,swiftdogwithkeensight(theprimarystressinonblack);
'WhiteHouse:
theresidenceoftheUSPresidentinWashington(theprimarystressinonblack).
(b)'black'board:
anyboardwhichisblackincolor(bothwordsreceiveprimarystress);
'black'bird:
anybirdwhichisblackincolor(bothwordsreceiveprimarystress);
'grey'hound:
anyhoundthatisgreyincolor(bothwordsreceiveprimarystress);
'white'house:
anyhousethatispaintedwhite(bothwordsreceiveprimarystress).
6.Thereare44orthographicwords,i.e.sequencesoflettersboundedbyspace.Thereare24openclasswordsand
20closedclasswords.
7.(a)The,bull?
isliteral,referringtoamalebovineanimal.
(b),Takethebullbythehorn?
isanidiom,meaning(havingthecourageto)dealwithsomeoneorsomethingdirectly.
(c),Likeabullinachinashop?
isanidiom,meaningdoingsomethingwithtoomuchenthusiasmortooquicklyorcarelesslyinawaythatmaydamagethingsorupsetsomeone.
(d)A,bullmarket?
isonewherepricesrisefastbecausethereisalotofbuyingofsharesinanticipationofprofits.
1
8.drinkingvessels:
cup,mug,glass,tumbler,tankard,goblet,bowl,beaker,wineglass,beerglass,sherryglassTheycanbeorganizedinanumberofways,forexample,bythedrinksthevesselisusedfor.
Non-alcoholic:
glass,tumbler,cup,mug,beaker,bowl
Beer:
beerglass,tankard
Wine:
wineglass,goblet
Spirits:
sherryglass
Chapter2
1.Lexemeisanabstractlinguisticunitwithdifferentvariants,forexample,singasagainstsang,sung.Morphemeistheultimategrammaticalconstituent,thesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage.Forexample,moralizersisanEnglishwordcomposedoffourmorphemes:
moral+lize+er+s.
Anyconcreterealizationofamorphemeinagivenutteranceiscalledamorph,suchascat,chair,-ing,-s,etc.
Allomorphsarethealternatephoneticformsofthesamemorpheme,forexample,[t],[d]and[id]are
allomorphsofthepasttensemorphemeinEnglish.
2.quick-ly,down-stair-s,four-th,poison-ous,weak-en,
world-wide,inter-nation-al-ly,in-ject,pro-trude
3.island,surname,disclose,duckling,cranberry,
reading,poets,flavourfulness,famous,subvert
4.(a)[?
]
(b)[-ai]
5.
(1)-?
s,-s
(2)-est,-s
(3)-ing
(4)-ed
6.Theconnotationsareasfollows:
(1)slang,carryingtheconnotationofreluctance,
(2)informal,carryingtheconnotationthatthespeakeris
speakingtoachild,(3)beastieisusedtoasmallanimalinScotland,carryingtheconnotationofdisgust,(4)carryingtheconnotationofformalness,(5)carryingtheconnotationoflight-heartedness.
7.{-?
m;~-n;~-n;~-i:
~-s;~-z;~-iz}
8.court:
polysemydart:
polysemy
fleet:
homonymyjam:
homonymy
pad:
homonymysteep:
homonymy
stem:
homonymystuff:
polysemy
watch:
polysemy
9.
(1)—(f),
(2)—(g),(3)—(c),(4)—(e),(5)—(a),(6)—(d),(7)—(b)
2
10.
(1)unpractical
(2)break
(3)impractical
(4)rout
(5)pedals
(6)Route
(7)raze
Chapter3
1.ThehistoryofEnglishcanbedividedintofourperiods:
theOld,Middle,EarlymiddleandModernEnglishperiods.
InOldEnglishperiod,thereisafrequentuseofcoinagesknownas,kennings?
whichreferstovividfigurativedescriptionsofteninvolvingcompounds.Theabsenceofawide-rangingvocabularyofloanwords
forcepeopletorelymoreonword-formationprocessesbasedonnativeelements.ThelatterperiodofOldEnglishwascharacterizedbytheintroductionofanumberof,loantranslations?
.GrammaticalrelationshipsinOldEnglishwereexpressedbytheuseofinflectionalendings.AndOldEnglishisbelievedtocontainabout24,000differentlexicalitems.
InMiddleEnglishperiod,Englishgrammarandvocabularychangedgreatly.Ingrammar,Englishchangedfromahighlyinflectedlanguagetoananalyticlanguage.InvocabularyEnglishwascharacterizedbythelossofalargepartoftheOldEnglishword-stockandtheadditionofthousandsofwordsfromFrenchandLatin.
InEarlyModernEnglishperiod,Englishvocabularygrewveryfastthroughextensiveborrowingandexpansionofword-formationpatterns.Andtherewasagreatmanysemanticchanges,asoldwordsacquirenewmeanings.
ModernEnglishischaracterizedwiththreemainfeaturesofunprecedentedgrowthofscientificvocabulary,theassertionofAmericanEnglishasadominantvarietyofthelanguage,andtheemergenceofothervarietiesknownas,NewEnglishes?
.
2.“appeareth”in(a)becomes“appeared”in(b),and“dreame”becomes“dream”.Thepassive“weredeparted”becomestheactive“hadgone”.Withthechangeofwordforms,(b)lookssimplemorphologically.
3.barf:
Americanslang
kerchief:
French
mutton:
French
cadaver:
Latin
goober:
Kongo
leviathan:
Latin
ginseng:
Chinese
taffy:
NorthAmerican
kimono:
Japanese
whisky:
Irish
caddy:
Malay
sphere:
Latin
algebra:
Arabic
giraffe:
African
4.train:
meaningchangedfromthetrailingpartofagowntoawiderangeofextendedmeanings.
deer:
meaningnarrowedfrom,beast?
or,animal?
to,aparticularkindofanimal?
knight:
meaningamelioratedfrom,boy,manservant’to,amanintheUKwhohasbeengivenanhonorofknighthood?
meat:
meaningnarroweddownfrom,food?
to,theediblefleshofanimalsandtheediblepartoffruit?
.
hose:
meaningextendedfrom,legcovering?
to,alongtubeforcarryingwater?
.
5.sell:
specializedhound:
specialized
3
starve:
specializedwife:
specialized
loaf:
specialized
6.
AmericanEnglishBritishEnglish
FallAutumn
candysweet
cornMaize
semesterterm
apartmentflat
DresserDressingtable
StreetcarTramcar
Chapter4
1.read+-i+-nessdis-+courage+-ingkind+heart+-ed
un-+doubt+-ed+-lystock+room+-spre-+pack+-age+-ed
2.book:
books(n.);books(v.),booking,booked
forget:
forgets,forgot,forgotten
short:
shortter,shortest
snap:
snaps,snapping,snapped
take:
takes,taking,took,taken
goose:
geese
heavy:
heavier,heaviest
3.-ish:
meaning,havingthenatureof,like?
de-:
meaning,theoppositeof?
-ify:
meaning,make,become?
-dom:
means,thestateof?
il-(im-/in-):
meaning,theoppositeof,not?
-able:
meaning,thatcanormustbe?
mis-:
meaning,wronglyorbadly?
-sion(-tion):
meaning,thestate/processof?
pre-:
meaning,priorto?
-ment:
meaning,theactionof?
re-:
meaning,again?
under-:
meaning,notenough?
-al:
meaning,theprocessorstateof?
4.a.Theyareendocentriccompounds.Theyhavethe“Adj+N”structure,inwhichadjectivesareusedtomodifynouns,line,line,neck,room?
.Hotlinemeans,atelephonenumberthatpeoplecancallfor
information?
.Mainlinemeans,animportantrailwaylinebetweentwocities?
.Redneckmeans,apersonfromthesouthernUS?
.Darkroommeans,aroomwithverylittleinit,usedfordevelopingphotographs?
.
4
b.Theyareendocentriccompounds.Theyhavethe“N+N?
structure.Bookshelfmeans,ashelfforkeeping
books?
.Breadbasketmeans,acontainerforservingbread?
.Mailboxmeans,aboxforputtinglettersinwhen
theydeliveredtoahouse?
.Wineglassmeans,aglassfordrinkingwine?
.
c.Theyareendocentriccompounds.Theyhavethe“N+N?
structure.Letterheadmeans,theheadofaletter
(i.e.thenameandaddressofanorganizationprintedatthetopofaletter)?
.Roadsidemeans,theareaatthe
sideofaroad?
.Keyholemeans,theholeinalockforputtingthekeyin?
.Hilltopmeans,thetopofahill?
.
d.Theyareexocentriccompounds.Dropoutmeans,apersonwholeavesschoolbeforetheyhavefinishedtheirstudies.Go-betweenmeans,apersonwhotakesmessagesbetweenpeople?
.Turnoutmeans,thenumberofpeoplewhocometoanevent?
.Standbymeans,apersonorthingthatcanalwaysbeusedifneeded?
.
e.Theyareendocentriccompounds.Theyhavethe“Adj+N-ed”structure,inwhichadjectivesareusedtomodifytheN-ed.
f.Theyareendocentriccompounds.Theyhavethe“N+Adj”structure,meaningAsAdjAsN.
5.in-:
not,theoppositeof
en-:
toputintotheconditionof
dis-:
not,theoppositeof
un-:
not,theoppositeof
inter-:
between,among
mis-:
wronglyorbadly
over-:
toomuch
re-:
again
post-:
after
6.a.
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