3 Spelling.docx
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3 Spelling.docx
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3Spelling
Spelling:
Accept/ExceptandAffect/Effect
Errorsinwritingthatinvolvesound-alikewords(homophones同音字)areknownas"wrongword"errors.Sucherrorsaremoresignificantthansimplespellingmistakes,sincetheyinvolveword-levelconfusion,notmerelyincorrectspellingofthecorrectword.Twocommonsourcesofwrongworderrorsarethehomophonepairsaccept/exceptandaffect/effect.
AcceptandExcept
Meaningsforthemostcommonuses:
ac•cept(transitiveverb)[MiddleEnglish,fromMiddleFrenchaccepter,fromLatinacceptare,frequentativeofacciperetoreceive,fromad-toward+caperetotake]
1a:
toreceivewillingly
tobeableordesignedtotakeorhold(somethingappliedoradded)
2:
togiveadmittance(准入)orapproval
3a:
toendurewithoutprotestorreaction
toregardasproper,normal,orinevitable
torecognizeastrue;believe
4a:
tomakeafavorableresponseto
toagreetoundertake(aresponsibility)
5:
toassumeanobligationtopay;also:
totakeinpayment
1.ex•cept(preposition)[Originallypastparticiple;seemeaning3,below]withtheexclusionorexceptionof
2.ex•cept(conjunction)
1:
onanyotherconditionthanthat;unless
2:
withthefollowingexception
3:
only(oftenfollowedbythat)
Meaningsforlesscommonuses:
3.ex•cept(transitiveverb)[Latinexceptus,pastparticipleofexciperetotakeordrawout,toexcept;ex-out+caperetotake]
Totakeorleaveout(anything)fromanumberorawhole;toexclude;toomit
Wouldyouliketotryaninteractiveexerciseonusingacceptandexceptcorrectly?
1.Thewholearmyisoutofstep
Fred.
2.I'll
nomoneyfromthatcheapskate.
3.Please
thispotofMama'schickensoup.
4.Itwillcureanything
flatfeet.
5.Ripcoulddoanything
makemoney.
6.Ihadto
theirnegativeevaluation.
7.Allthegirlswenttothegame
Mary.
8.Howardcouldnot
thejob.
9.
whenthere'saclassicmovieplaying,PeteseldomwatchesTV.
10.Iwill
yourgiftifyouletmepayformylunch.
AffectandEffect
Meaningsforthemostcommonuses:
Affect
1.af•fect(transitiveverb)[MiddleEnglish,fromaffectus,pastparticipleofafficere]
toproduceaneffectupon,asa:
toproduceamaterialinfluenceuponoralterationin
toactupon(asapersonoraperson'smindorfeelings)soastobringaboutaresponse;influence
Effect
1.ef•fect(noun)[MiddleEnglish,fromMiddleFrench&Latin;MiddleFrench,fromLatineffectus,fromefficeretobringabout,fromex-out(of)+faceretomake,do]
1a:
purport(主旨);intent
basicmeaning;essence
2:
somethingthatinevitablyfollowsanantecedent(asacauseoragent)
3:
anoutwardsign;appearance
4:
accomplishment;fulfillment
5:
powertobringaboutaresult;influence
6plural:
movableproperty;goods
7a:
adistinctiveimpression
thecreationofadesiredimpression
(1):
somethingdesignedtoproduceadistinctiveordesiredimpression,usuallyusedinplural
(2)plural:
specialeffects
8:
thequalityorstateofbeingoperative;operation
ineffect:
insubstance(实质);virtually
totheeffect:
withthemeaning
Meaningsforlesscommonuses:
Affect:
2.af•fect(transitiveverb)
1:
tomakeadisplayoflikingorusing;cultivate
2:
toputonapretenseof;feign
3.af•fect(noun)[pronunciation:
stressonfirstsyllable,unlikeverbformsofthisword]
theconscioussubjectiveaspectofanemotionconsideredapartfrombodilychanges
Effect
2.ef•fect(transitiveverb)
1:
tocausetocomeintobeing
2a:
tobringaboutoftenbysurmountingobstacles;accomplish
toputintooperation
Usage:
Theconfusionoftheverbsaffectandeffectnotonlyisquitecommonbuthasalonghistory.Theverbeffectwasusedinplaceofaffect(1,above)asearlyas1494andinplaceofaffect(2,above)asearlyas1652.Ifyouthinkyouwanttousetheverbeffectbutarenotcertain,checkthedefinitionshere.Thenounaffectissometimesmistakenlyusedforthenouneffect.Exceptwhenyourtopicispsychology,youwillseldomneedthenounaffect.
Spelling:
CommonWordsthatSoundAlike
Manywordssoundalikebutmeandifferentthingswhenputintowriting.Thislistwillhelpyoudistinguishbetweensomeofthemorecommonwordsthatsoundalike.Clickonanyoftheblueunderlinedlinkstoopenalongerandmorecompletedefinitionofthewordinanewwindow.
Advise,Advice
∙advise=verbthatmeanstorecommend,suggest,orcounsel:
Iadviseyoutobecautious.
∙advice=nounthatmeansanopinionorrecommendationaboutwhatcouldorshouldbedone:
I'dliketoaskforyouradviceonthismatter.
Conscious,Conscience
∙conscious=adjectivemeaningawake,perceiving:
Despiteaheadinjury,thepatientremainedconscious.
∙conscience=nounmeaningthesenseofobligationtobegood:
Chriswouldn'tcheatbecausehisconsciencewouldn'tlethim.
Idea,Ideal
∙idea=nounmeaningathought,belief,orconceptionheldinthemind,orageneralnotionorconceptionformedbygeneralization:
Jenniferhadabrilliantidea--she'dgototheWritingLabforhelpwithherpapers!
∙ideal=nounmeaningsomethingorsomeonethatembodiesperfection,oranultimateobjectorendeavor:
Mickeywastheidealfortutorseverywhere.
∙ideal=adjectivemeaningembodyinganultimatestandardofexcellenceorperfection,orthebest;Jenniferwasanidealstudent.
Its,It's
∙its=possessiveadjective(possesiveformofthepronounit):
Thecrabhadanunusualgrowthonitsshell.
∙it's=contractionforitisorithas(inaverbphrase):
It'sstillraining;it'sbeenrainingforthreedays.(Pronounshaveapostrophesonlywhentwowordsarebeingshortenedintoone.)
Lead,Led
Laylaidlaid
lielaylain
lieliedlied
foundfoundedfounded
findfoundfound
∙lead=nounreferringtoadensemetallicelement:
TheX-raytechnicianworeavestlinedwithlead.
∙led=past-tenseandpast-participleformoftheverbtolead,meaningtoguideordirect:
Theevidenceledthejurytoreachaunanimousdecision.
Than,Then
Than
usedincomparisonstatements:
HeisricherthanI.
usedinstatementsofpreference:
Iwouldratherdancethaneat.
usedtosuggestquantitiesbeyondaspecifiedamount:
Readmorethanthefirstparagraph.
Then
atimeotherthannow:
Hewasyoungerthen.Shewillstarthernewjobthen.
nextintime,space,ororder:
Firstwemuststudy;thenwecanplay.
suggestingalogicalconclusion:
Ifyou'vestudiedhard,thentheexamshouldbenoproblem.
Their,There,They're
∙Their=possessivepronoun:
Theygottheirbooks.
∙There=thatplace:
Myhouseisoverthere.(Thisisaplaceword,andsoitcontainsthewordhere.)
∙They're=contractionfortheyare:
They'remakingdinner.(Pronounshaveapostrophesonlywhentwowordsarebeingshortenedintoone.)
To,Too,Two
∙To=preposition,orfirstpartoftheinfinitiveformofaverb:
Theywenttothelaketoswim.
∙Too=very,also:
Iwastootiredtocontinue.Iwashungry,too.
∙Two=thenumber2:
Twostudentsscoredbelowpassingontheexam.
Two,twelve,andbetweenareallwordsrelatedtothenumber2,andallcontaintheletterstw.
Toocanmeanalsoorcanbeanintensifier,andyoumightsaythatitcontainsanextrao("onetoomany")
We're,Where,Were
∙We're=contractionforweare:
We'regladtohelp.(Pronounshaveapostrophesonlywhentwowordsarebeingshortenedintoone.)
∙Where=location:
Whereareyougoing?
(Thisisaplaceword,andsoitcontainsthewordhere.)
∙Were=apasttenseformoftheverbbe:
Theywerewalkingsidebyside.
Your,You're
∙Your=possessivepronoun:
Yourshoesareuntied.
∙You're=contractionforyouare:
You'rewalkingaroundwithyourshoesuntied.(Pronounshaveapostrophesonlywhentwowordsarebeingshortenedintoone.)
OneWordorTwo?
Everydayeveryday
Allready/already
∙allready:
usedasanadjectivetoexpresscompletepreparedness
∙already:
anadverbexpressingtime
AtlastIwasallreadytogo,buteveryonehadalreadyleft.
Allright/alright
∙allright:
usedasanadjectiveoradverb;olderandmoreformalspelling,morecommoninscientific&academicwriting:
Willyoubeallrightonyourown?
∙alright:
Alternatespellingofallright;lessfrequentbutusedofteninjourn
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