英语最常用修辞格.docx
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英语最常用修辞格.docx
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英语最常用修辞格
英语最常用修辞格
Figuresofspeech
Figuresofspeech(修辞)arewaysofmakingourlanguagefigurative.Whenweusewordsinotherthantheirordinaryorliteralsensetolendforcetoanidea,toheighteneffect,ortocreatesuggestiveimagery,wearesaidtobespeakingorwritingfiguratively.Nowwearegoingtotalkaboutsomecommonformsoffiguresofspeech.
1)Simile:
(明喻)Itisafigureofspeechwhichmakesacomparisonbetweentwounlikeelementshavingatleastonequalityorcharacteristic(特性)incommon.Tomakethecomparison,wordslikeas,as...as,asifandlikeareusedtotransferthequalityweassociatewithonetotheother.
Forexample,Ascoldwaterstoathirstysoul,soisgoodnewsfromafarcountry.
2)Metaphor:
(暗喻)Itislikeasimile,alsomakesacomparisonbetweentwounlikeelements,butunlikeasimile,thiscomparisonisimpliedratherthanstated.
Forexample,Theworldisastage.
3)Analogy:
(类比)Itisalsoaformofcomparison,butunlikesimileormetaphorwhichusuallyusescomparisonononepointofresemblance,analogydrawsaparallelbetweentwounlikethingsthathaveseveralcommonqualitiesorpointsofresemblance.
4)Personification:
(拟人)Itgiveshumanformoffeelingstoanimals,orlifeandpersonalattributes(赋予)toinanimate(无生命的)objects,ortoideasandabstractions(抽象).
Forexample,Thewindwhistledthroughthetrees.
5)Hyperbole:
(夸张)Itisthedeliberateuseofoverstatementorexaggerationtoachieveemphasis.
Forinstance,Healmostdiedlaughing.
6)Understatement:
(含蓄陈述)Itistheoppositeofhyperbole,oroverstatement.Itachievesitseffectofemphasizingafactbydeliberately(故意地)understatingit,impressingthelistenerorthereadermorebywhatismerelyimpliedorleftunsaidthanbybarestatement.
Forinstance,Itisnolaughingmatter.
7)Euphemism:
(委婉)Itisthesubstitutionofanagreeableorinoffensive(无冒犯)expressionforonethatmayoffendorsuggestsomethingunpleasant.
Forinstance,wereferto"die"as"passaway".
8)Metonymy(转喻)Itisafigureofspeechthathastodowiththesubstitutionofthemaneofonethingforthatofanother.
Forinstance,Thepen(words)ismightierthanthesword(forces).
9)Synecdoche(提喻)Itisinvolvesthesubstitutionofthepartforthewhole,orthewholeforthepart.
Forinstance,theysaythere'sbreadandworkforall.Shewasdressedinsilks.
10)Antonomasia(换喻)Ithasalsotodowithsubstitution.Itisnotoftenmentionednow,thoughitisstillinfrequentuse.
Forexample,Solomonforawiseman.Danielforawiseandfairjudge.Judasforatraitor.
11)Pun:
(双关语)Itisaplayonwords,orratheraplayontheformandmeaningofwords.
Forinstance,acannon-balltookoffhislegs,sohelaiddownhisarms.(Here"arms"hastwomeanings:
aperson'sbody;weaponscarriedbyasoldier.)
12)Syllepsis:
(一语双叙)Ithastwoconnotations.
Inthefirstcase,itisafigurebywhichaword,oraparticularformorinflectionofaword,referstotwoormorewordsinthesamesentence,whileproperlyapplyingtooragreeingwithonlyonofthemingrammarorsyntax(句法).
Forexample,Headdressedyouandme,anddesiredustofollowhim.(Hereusisusedtorefertoyouandme.)
Inthesecondcase,itawordmayrefertotwoormorewordsinthesamesentence.Forexample,whilehewasfighting,andlosinglimbandmind,anddying,othersstayedbehindtopursueeducationandcareer.(Heretolosingone'slimbsinliteral;toloseone'smindisfigurative,andmeanstogomad.)
13)Zeugma:
(轭式搭配)Itisasinglewordwhichismadetomodifyortogoverntwoormorewordsinthesamesentence,witherproperlyapplyinginsensetoonlyoneofthem,orapplyingtothemindifferentsenses.
Forexample,Thesunshallnotburnyoubyday,northemoonbynight.(Herenoonisnotstrongenoughtoburn)
14)Irony:
(反语)Itisafigureofspeechthatachievesemphasisbysayingtheoppositeofwhatismeant,theintendedmeaningofthewordsbeingtheoppositeoftheirusualsense.
Forinstance,wearelucky,whatyousaidmakesmefeelrealgood.
15)Innuendo:
(暗讽)Itisamildformofirony,hintinginaratherroundabout(曲折)wayatsomethingdisparaging(不一致)oruncomplimentary(不赞美)tothepersonorsubjectmentioned.
2)Forexample,Theweathermansaiditwouldbeworm.Hemusttakehisreadingsinabathroom.
16)Sarcasm:
(讽刺)ItSarcasmisastrongformofirony.Itattacksinatauntingandbittermanner,anditsaimistodisparage,ridiculeandwoundthefeelingsofthesubjectattacked.
3)Forexample,Lawsarelikecobwebs,whichmaycatchsmallflies,butletwaspsbreakthrough.
17)Paradox:
(似非而是的隽语)Itisafigureofspeechconsistingofastatementorpropositionwhichonthefaceofitseemsself-contradictory,absurdorcontrarytoestablishedfactorpractice,butwhichonfurtherthinkingandstudymayprovetobetrue,well-founded,andeventocontainasuccinctpoint.
Forexample,Morehaste,lessspeed.
18)Oxymoron:
(矛盾修饰)Itisacompressedparadox,formedbytheconjoining(结合)oftwocontrasting,contradictoryorincongruous(不协调)termsasinbitter-sweetmemories,orderlychaos(混乱)andproudhumility(侮辱).
19)Antithesis:
(对照)Itisthedeliberatearrangementofcontrastingwordsorideasinbalancedstructuralformstoachieveemphasis.
Forexample,Speechissilver;silenceisgolden.
20)Epigram:
(警句)Itstatesasimpletruthpithily(有利地)andpungently(强烈地).Itisusuallyterseandarousesinterestandsurprisebyitsdeepinsightintocertainaspectsofhumanbehaviororfeeling.
Forinstance,Few,savethepoor,feelforthepoor.
21)Climax:
(渐进)ItisderivedfromtheGreekwordfor"ladder"andimpliestheprogressionofthoughtatauniformoralmostuniformrateofsignificanceorintensity,likethestepsofaladderascendingevenly.
Forexample,Icame,Isaw,Iconquered.
22)Anti-climaxorbathos:
(突降)ItistheoppositeofClimax.Itinvolvesstatingone'sthoughtsinadescendingorderofsignificanceorintensity,fromstrongtoweak,fromweightytolightorfrivolous.
Forinstance,Butthousandsdie,withoutorthisorthat,die,andendow(赋予)acollege,oracat.
23)Apostrophe:
(顿呼)Inthisfigureofspeech,athing,place,ideaorperson(deadorabsent)isaddressedasifpresent,listeningandunderstandingwhatisbeingsaid.Forinstance,England!
awake!
awake!
awake!
24)TransferredEpithet:
(转类形容词)Itisafigureofspeechwhereanepithet(anadjectiveordescriptivephrase)istransferredfromthenounitshouldrightlymodify(修饰)toanothertowhichitdoesnotreallyapplyorbelong.
Forinstance,Ispentsleeplessnightsonmyproject.
25)Alliteration:
(头韵)Ithastodowiththesoundratherthanthesenseofwordsforeffect.Itisadevicethatrepeatsthesamesoundatfrequentintervals(间隔)andsincethesoundrepeatedisusuallytheinitialconsonantsound,itisalsocalled"frontrhyme".
Forinstance,thefairbreezeblew,thewhitefoamflew,thefurrowfollowedfree.
26)Onomatopoeia:
(拟声)Itisadevicethatuseswordswhichimitatethesoundsmadebyanobject(animateorinanimate),orwhichareassociatedwithorsuggestive(提示的)ofsomeactionormovement.
SelectedfromFiguresofSpeechbyFengCuihua
TheTop20Figures
1.Alliteration
Repetitionofaninitialconsonantsound.
2.Anaphora
Repetitionofthesamewordorphraseatthebeginningofsuccessiveclausesorverses.
3.Antithesis
Thejuxtapositionofcontrastingideasinbalancedphrases.
4.Apostrophe
Breakingoffdiscoursetoaddresssomeabsentpersonorthing,someabstractquality,aninanimateobject,oranonexistentcharacter.
5.Assonance
Identityorsimilarityinsoundbetweeninternalvowelsinneighboringwords.
6.Chiasmus
Averbalpatterninwhichthesecondhalfofanexpressionisbalancedagainstthefirstbutwiththepartsreversed.
7.Euphemism
Thesubstitutionofaninoffensivetermforoneconsideredoffensivelyexplicit.
8.Hyperbole
Anextravagantstatement;theuseofexaggeratedtermsforthepurposeofemphasisorheightenedeffect.
9.Irony
Theuseofwordstoconveytheoppositeoftheirliteralmeaning.Astatementorsituationwherethemeaningiscontradictedbytheappearanceorpresentationoftheidea.
10.Litotes
Afigureofspeechconsistingofanunderstatementinwhichanaffirmativeisexpressedbynegatingitsopposite.
11.Metaphor
Animpliedcomparisonbetweentwounlikethingsthatactuallyhavesomethingimportantincommon.
12.Metonymy
Afigureofspeechinwhichonewordorphraseissubstitutedforanotherwithwhichitiscloselyassociated;also,therhetoricalstrategyofdescribingsomethingindirectlybyreferringtothingsaroundit.
13.Onomatopoeia
Theformationoruseofwordsthatimitatethesoundsassociatedwiththeobjectsoractionstheyreferto.
14.Oxymoron
Afigureofspeechinwhichincongruousorcontradictorytermsappearsidebyside.
15.Paradox
Astatementthatappearstocontradictitself.
16.Personification
Afigureofspeechinwhichaninanimateobjectorabstractionisendowedwithhumanqualitiesorabilities.
17.Pun
Aplayonwords,sometimesondifferentsensesofthesamewordandsometimesonthesimilarsenseorsoundofdifferentwords.
18.Simile
Astatedcomparison(usuallyformedwith"like"or"as")betweentwofundamentallydissimilarthingsthathavecertainqualitiesincommon.
19.Synechdoche
Afigureofspeechiswhichapartisusedtorepresentthewhole,thewholeforapart,thespecificforthegeneral,thegeneralforthespecific,orthematerialforthethingmadefromit.
20.Understatement
Afigureofspeechinwhichawriteroraspeakerdeliberately
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