英语代词数词形容词副词的相关知识.docx
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英语代词数词形容词副词的相关知识.docx
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英语代词数词形容词副词的相关知识
第三节代词
代词是为了避免重复而用来代替名词的词。
英语代词共有9种:
人称、物主、反身、相互、指示、疑问、关系、连接和不定代词。
大多数代词具有名词和形容词的作用。
人称代词人称代词有人称、性、数、格之分。
人称代词在句中的排列顺序一般是:
you在最前,Iwe在最后,如:
youheandI。
人称代词的主格在句中作主语:
Theyareplayingfootballontheplayground.人称代词的宾格在句中作动词或介词的宾语:
OurEnglishteachertaughtusanEnglishsong.Hisparentsarelookingforhim.要注意人称代词it的特殊用法:
Lookatthatpoorlittlechild.Ithasjustfallendown.Itisnecessarytobuythatdictionary.Iconsideritimportanttoaskhimforadvice.Itisfiveo’clock.Itisfinetoday.ItwasabicyclethatIreceivedyesterday.
物主代词表示所有关系的代词叫物主代词。
物主代词可分为形容词性(一般作定语)和名词性(作主语、表语、宾语)物主代词两大类。
物主代词的各种形式如下表:
人称
名词性
单数复数
形容词性
单数复数
第一人称
mineours
myour
第二人称
yoursyours
youryour
阳性
第三人称
阴性
histheirs
herstheirs
histheir
hertheir
形容词性物主代词除作定语外,还可放在动名词短语之前,作短语的逻辑主语。
如:
Doyoumindmyopeningthedoor?
Hiscomingmadeusveryhappy.Wecan’tbelieveherbreakingthelaw.
反身代词表示“我自己”、“你自己”、“他自己”、“我们自己”、“你们自己”、“他们自己”的代词叫反身代词。
英语反身代词的形式如下表所示:
单数
复数
第一人称
myself
ourselves
第二人称
yourself
yourselves
第三人称
himself;herself;itself
themselves
反身代词一般用作宾语,含有“自己”的意思:
Hecanlookafterhimself.TheyenjoyedthemselvesatDisneyland.反身代词可以在句中作同位语,起强调作用,置于名词、代词的后面或句末:
ImyselftookMarytotheairport.(=ItookMarytotheairportmyself.)IwilltellJohnhimselfwhatyouwant.Sheopenedthedoorherself.反身代词还可以构成某些惯用语:
常见介词+反身代词的短语有besideoneself(发狂,情不自禁);byoneself(单独地,独自地);ofoneself(自动地);betweenoneself(私下地,保密地);foroneself(独立地,亲自地)。
有些动词要求带反身代词:
availoneselfof利用;devoteoneselfto致力于,献身于;enjoyoneself过得快活,玩得痛快;helponeselfto…自己吃。
指示代词表示“这个”、“那个”、“这些”、“那些”、“如此的”、“同样的”(事物)等指示概念的代词叫指示代词。
指示代词有:
thisthatthesethosesuchthesame等。
指示代词可以在句中作主语、表语、宾语或定语:
Thatisagoodidea.WhatIwantisthis.Hedidn’tlikethat.Thesepicturesareverybeautiful.注意当such作定语时,如果所修饰的名词前有不定冠词,则将不定冠词放在such之后:
Wehaveneverseensuchatallbuilding.
疑问代词疑问代词whatwhichwhowhomwhose是用来构成特殊疑问句,在句中可作主语、宾语、定语和表语。
Whoisstandingthere?
Whatareyoudoing?
Whosechairisthis?
Thisiswhathesaid.应注意分清whowhomwhose的用法:
who一般提问主语,whom用作宾语,whose用作定语:
Whoborrowedmybook?
Whomdidyougowith?
Whosebikeisthat?
不定代词不明确指代某个特定名词的代词叫做不定代词。
英语中常见的不定代词有:
someanysomebodyanybodysomeoneanyonesomethinganythingnoalleverybodynobodyeveryonenooneeverythingnothingeitherneitheronenonebotheachanotherotherothersfewafewmanymuchlittlealittle等。
不定代词具有名词和形容词的性质,并有可数和不可数之分,在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、同位语、定语及状语等。
HehassomeChinesepaintings.Doyouhaveanyquestionstoaskme?
ThisisnottheoneIwant.Bothofusarenotteachers.Neitherofusisateacher.Itoldhimallaboutit.Noneofthestudentsarehere.Noneofthemoneyismine.Thereisnotmuchwaterhere.ThereareafewEnglishmagazinesinthereading-room.Nothingcanstopmedoingthat.EverystudentinourclasshasaChinesedictionary.Therearetreesoneithersideoftheroad.Igottwobooks:
oneisatextbooktheotherisanovel.Pleasegivemeanother10minutes.不定代词的一些惯用法:
1)somebody表“大人物,要人”,nobody表“庸才,小人物”:
Inthesmalltownheissomebodybutinthisbigcityheisnobody.2)somethinglike有点像:
Heissomethinglikehisfather.3)somethingof有几分,在某种意思或程度上:
Heissomethingofamusician.他有点音乐知识。
Heissomethingofasportsman.他有几分运动员的才能。
4)nothingbut只不过,只有(形式上否定,实际上肯定):
Heisnothingbutapoliceman.他只不过是个警察。
Icandonothingbutgo.我只好去。
5)anythingbut并不,根本不(形式上肯定,实际上否定):
Sheisanythingbutpretty.她根本不漂亮。
Heisanythingbutawriter.他根本不是作家。
相互代词表示相互关系的代词叫相互代词。
相互代词有eachotheroneanother。
相互代词无人称、数和格的区别,主要用作宾语:
Wemusthelpeachother.一般来说,eachother指两者间的相互,而oneanother一般指三个或更多的人或物间的相互:
JohnandMarylikeeachother.Thethreemendistrustedoneanother.
Learnfromeachotherhelpeachother;
关系代词
;thatwhich
1.
关系代词whowhomwhosewhichthatas等可用来引导定语从句,关系代词在从句中担任成分。
Themanwhoisshakinghandswithmyfatherisapoliceman.Mrs.Smithwhomyoumetyesterdayisafriendofmine.Thisisthescientistwhosenameisknownalloverthecountry.Theyoungmanwasveryhappytogetbackthegoldring(which)hehadlostonthetaxi.SheistheonlyoneamongusthatknowsFrench.Asweallknowthe29thOlympicGameswillbeheldinBeijingin2008.Heisnotthesamemanashewas.注意:
that作为关系代词可取代指人的whowhom和指物的which,分别在从句中作主语和宾语,如:
Peoplethat(who)havenoexperiencecannotdothiskindofjob.I'dlikethecarthat(which)youboughtlastyear.但在下列情况下,只能用that,不用whichwho等。
1)在allmuchonly和anythingeverythingnothingsomething等词后:
Heistheonlymanthatcandoit.Everything(that)hesaidisright.2)先行词部分含有序数词或形容词最高级:
Hewasthefirstmanthatdancedattheparty.Thestoryisthemostinterestingonethatweeverheard.3)在强调句型中,只能使用itis...that...(不能用whichwherewhen等):
Itisinthisroomthatwewillhaveourmeeting.但在非限制性定语从句中和介词后,不用that引导从句如:
Thereare50studentsinourclassmostofwhomarewomen.Thestoryaboutwhichwetalkedyesterdayisveryinteresting.
Thefoodwhichyouputonthedeskthreedaysagohasgonebad.
Theplace_____helivedmanyyearsagoisnotfarawayfromhere.
A.thatB.inthatC.inwhichD.which
Tomdidn’tgotoschoolyesterday_____hewasill.
A.inwhichB.inthat
C.becauseofD.forthat
Hegoestotheparkeveryday.
Hedoesgototheparkeveryday.
Hedidgototheparkyesterday.
Itis…that…
Itishethatgoestotheparkeveryday.
Itiseverydaythathegoestothepark.
Hedidn’tgotobeduntil11lastnight.
Itwasnotuntil11lastnightthathewenttobed.
Notuntil11lastnightdidhegotobed.
需要注意的是:
inthat为固定搭配,是连词短语,意思是“因为”:
Ilikehisideabetterinthatitisreasonable.我更喜欢他的想法是因为他的想法合理。
语法练习3
1.Theywereallverytiredbut_____ofthemwouldstoptohavearest.
A.anyB.some
C.noneD.neither
2.Tomfeltthathekneweverybody’sbusinessbetterthantheyknewit_____.
A.themselvesB.oneself
C.itselfD.himself
3.---IsyourcameralikeBill’sandTom’s?
---Nobutit’salmostthesameas_____.
A.herB.yours
C.themD.their
;besimilarto;
;bedifferentfrom…;beindifferentto…;
;bedependenton;beindependentof;
4._____ofthemknowsthereasonwhythesportsmeetisputoff.
A.EveryoneB.Everyones
C.SomeoneD.All
5.Heisamanof_____words.
A.littleB.less
C.fewD.fewer
6.Thestreetisbeautifulfortherearetreesandflowerson_____.
A.neithersideB.eitherside
C.bothsideD.allsides
7.Chinawillalwaysdowhat_____haspromisedtodo.
A.thatB.weC.sheD.they
8.WhatIwanttotellyouis_____:
themeetingwillbeputofftillSaturday.
A.itB.thisC.thatD.its
9.Hehasbrokenhisleg._____iswhyhewasabsentfromwork.
A.ThisB.It
C.ThatD.There
10.John’smotherkepttellinghimthatheshouldworkharderbut_____didn’thelp.
A.heB.whichC.sheD.it
11.Kateis_____ofamusician.
A.anybodyB.anyone
C.somethingD.somebody
;somethingof…;nothingof
12.Tosomelifeispleasantbutto_____itismeaningless.
A.onesB.others
C.theotherD.those
13.Ifyouwanttochangeforadoubleroomyou’llhavetopay_____$15.
A.anotherB.other
C.moreD.each
Fivemoreminutes;
14._____isknowntoalltheGreatWallofChinaisoneofthewondersintheworld.
A.ItB.As
C.ThatD.What
As…Asweallknow
Itiswellknownthat…
15.Meetingmyuncleafteralltheseyearswasanunforgettablemoment_____Iwillalwaystreasure.
A.thatB.which
C.itD.what
16.AftershegotmarriedLilywenttoseehermother_____otherweek.
A.eachB.every
C.eitherD.neither
17.AsIknowthereis_____carinthisneighborhood.
A.noaB.nosuch
C.notsuchD.nosucha
;sucha/an…;suchaperson
18._____wasbecauseofhercrueltythatweallhatedher.
A.ItB.WhatC.ThatD.Such
;cruel;
19.I’dratherrideabikeasbikeridinghas_____ofthetroubleoftakingbuses.
A.muchB.all
C.eitherD.none
20.Janeisnotquite_____thesedayssoIadviseyoutoletheralone.
A.herB.hers
C.herselfD.himself
;benotoneself;
Wouldyoupleasebuyme_____stampswhenyougotothepostoffice?
A.anyB.someC.fewD.little
Doyouhavesomemoneyonyou?
[参考答案]1-5:
CABAC;6-10:
BCBCD;11-15:
CBABB;16-20:
BDADC
第四节数词
Plusand;minus;times;dividedby;is;isequalto…;
表示数目多少或顺序次第的词叫数词。
数词包括基数词和序数词。
表示数目或数量多少的词叫基数词,基数词词形的表示及特点主要有:
1)1-12的基数词是独立的单词;2)13-19的基数词均以后缀–teen结尾;3)20-90的整十位数词均以–ty结尾;4)几十几的基数词是由十位数词和个位数词合成,中间加连字符“-”,如:
twenty-one;forty-five;5)三位数的数词须在百位与十位(若无十位则和个位)之间加and,如:
148:
onehundredandforty-eight;206:
twohundredandsix;919:
ninehundredandnineteen;6)1,000以上的数字,从后往前数,每三位加一个逗号,第一个逗号前为thousand,第二个逗号前为million,第三个逗号前为billion,如:
2510:
twothousandfivehundredandten;84296:
eighty-fourthousandtwohundredandninety-six;274385:
twohundredandseventy-fourthousandthreehundredandfifty-eight;19326748:
nineteenmillionthreehundredandtwenty-sixthousandsevenhundredandforty-eight;6364280751:
sixbillionthreehundredandsixty-fourmilliontwohundredandeightythousandsevenhundredandfifty-one.表示数目顺序的词叫做序数词,序数词词形的表示及特点主要有:
1)第1到第19,除第1(thefirst)、第2(thesecond)、第3(thethird)外,其余均在基数词后加–th构成;2)第20至第90将基数词的词尾y变成ie,再加–th构成;3)hundredthousandmillion的序数词均在其后加–th构成;4)几十几及以上的序数词,其中十位数或百位数、千位数等用基数词,只有个位才用序数词,如:
132:
onehundredandthirty-second;5)序数词指出人或事物的次序,所以前面常带有定冠词the。
基数词和序数词的句法功能基本上相当于名词和形容词,它们在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语和同位语等:
Thesecondisbiggerthanthefirst.Hewasthefirsttoarrivehere.Givemefour.Ilikethefourth.Wehavesixsubjectsthisterm.Thesixthblindmanwentforwardtofeeltheelephant.WetwohavebeentotheGreatWall.Iwantthebigonethefirstontheright.
Lesson1;=thefirstlesson;
Room411;
;bein
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