现代主义the 20th Century American Literature.docx
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现代主义the 20th Century American Literature.docx
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现代主义the20thCenturyAmericanLiterature
the20thCenturyAmericanLiterature(1900-1910s)
HistoricalBackground
TheinfluenceofWWI:
•aneconomicboom
•asuddenjumpintechnology
•Thebreakdownofoldmoralvalues——bobbedhair,shortskirts,womendrinkingandsmoking
•atremendousdisillusionment(幻想破灭,美国梦,BenjaminFranklin)
•Nothinghadchanged.
•Therewasapopularcontempt轻视forthelaw—theprohibitionofalcohol,bootleggers走私者,etc.
•Thedream美国梦hadfailedandthecountrywasbuildingupeconomictroublestowarddisaster.
•AlossoffaithbeganwithDarwin’stheoriesofevolution达尔文进化论.Withoutfaithmancouldnolongerkeephisfeelingandthoughtwhole;henceasenseoflifebeingfragmented变成碎片andchaotic混乱的.Withoutfaith,mannolongerfeltsecureandhappy;hencethefeelingofgloom阴暗anddespair绝望
•BertrandRussell伯特兰·罗素(英国哲学家),commented评论onthespiritoftheperiod—Manmustnotexpectanyhelpfromabeneficent慈善的God.Manmustrecognizethatheisofnoimportanceinsuchaworld----Nothingcanpreserve保护anindividuallifebeyondthegrave.Deathwilldoom注定allhumanendeavors努力andachievementstoultimateextinction化为灰烬.Headvisesmantobelieveinhimself,tofacelifewith“adespairingcourage绝望的勇气”.
•.
Imagism
☐Imagism意象主义wasamovementinearly20th-centuryAnglo-American英裔美国人poetrythatfavored赞成precision精度ofimageryandclear,sharplanguage.TheImagists意象主义诗人rejectedthesentiment情感anddiscursiveness散漫、推论typicalofmuchRomanticandVictorian(强调理性)poetry.
Whatisanimage?
☐T.E.Hulme:
Theimagemustenableone“todwell存在于andlinger徘徊uponapointofexcitement,toachievetheimpossibleandconvert转变apointintoaline”.
☐EzraPound:
Animageis“thatwhichpresentsanintellectualandemotionalcomplexinaninstant瞬间oftime”.
☐RichardAldington:
Theexactwordmustbringtheeffectoftheobjectbeforethereaderasithadpresenteditselftothepoet’smindatthetimeofwriting.
LiterarySourcesofImagism
☐TheImagistMovementdrewfromavarietyofpoetictraditions—Greek,Provencal,JapaneseandChinesepoetry.Theideographic表意的andpictographic象形文字的natureofChineselanguage,andvirile男性的laconism简洁andausterepregnancy丰富,意味深长whichcharacterizeancientChinesepoetryfascinatedtheImagists.
threemajorphases
☐1908—1909
AnEnglishman,T.E.Hulme,foundedaPoets’Clubin1908,whichmetinSohoeveryWednesdayeveningtodiscusspoetry.Hebelievedthatthemosteffectivemeanstoexpressthemomentary瞬间的impressionsisthrough“theuseofonedominantimage”.
☐1912—1914
EzraPoundtookoverthemovement.In1912,theypublishedacollectionofpoems,entitledDesImagistes,inwhichamanifesto宣言cameintobeing.
⏹a.Directtreatmentofthe“thing”,whethersubjectiveorobjective;
⏹b.Touseabsolutelynowordthatdoesnotcontributetothepresentation;
⏹c.Asregardingrhythm,tocomposeinthesequenceofthemusicalphrase,notinthesequenceofametronome.
☐1914—1917
AmyLowelltookoverthemovementanddevelopeditinto“Amygism”.In1915,1916,1917,threevolumesofSomeImagistPoetscameout,containingsixprinciplesbasedontheoriginalthree.After1917,Imagismceasedtobeamovement.
FeaturesofImagism
1.Tousethelanguageofcommonspeech,buttoemploy采用theexactword,notthenearly-exact,northemerelydecorative装饰性的word.
2.Webelievethattheindividualityofapoetmayoftenbebetterexpressedinfreeverse自由诗体thaninconventional传统的forms.Inpoetry,anewcadence韵律、节奏meansanewidea.
3.Absolutefreedominthechoiceofsubject.
4.Topresentanimage.Wearenotaschool学派ofpainters,butwebelievethatpoetryshouldrenderparticularsexactlyandnotdealinvaguegeneralities模糊的概论,howevermagnificent华丽的andsonorous响亮的.Itisforthisreasonthatweopposethecosmic广大无边的poet诗人,whoseemstoustoshirk逃避therealdifficultiesofhisart.
5.Toproduceapoetrythatishardandclear,neverblurred玷污norindefinite.
6.Finally,mostofusbelievethatconcentrationisoftheveryessence本质ofpoetry.
InaStationoftheMetro
☐aclassicspecimenofImagistpoetry
☐theuseofonedominantimagetorepresentwhathewasexperiencing
☐apparition:
appearance,somethingwhichshowsup;somethingwhichisnotrealandwhichcannotbeclearlyobserved
☐influencefromancientChinesepoetry(《长恨歌》:
“玉容寂寞泪阑干,梨花一枝春带雨.”)
⏹
在地铁站
人潮,人面,魅影,闪现,
潮湿,黑枝,花瓣。
Theapparitionofthesefacesinthecrowd;
⏹Petalsonawet,blackbough.
☐人群中那些亡魂的脸
花瓣,在潮湿的黑色枝头
荒木田守武——俳句
落花飞回枝
蝴蝶
EzraPound(译文)
Afallenblossomiscomingbacktothebranch
Look,abutterfly
题都城南庄
去年今日此门中,
人面桃花相映红。
人面不知何处去,
桃花依旧笑春风。
QuestionsforComprehension
1.Wheredoesthenarrator叙述者seethe“faces”?
2.Whatarethe“faces”comparedto?
3.Whatadjectivesdoesthenarratorusetodescribethe“bough”?
Howdoesthedescriptionforeground前景、近景the
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