英语讲课1 3 语法和修辞.docx
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英语讲课1 3 语法和修辞.docx
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英语讲课13语法和修辞
1.3Grammar&Diction
1.3.1正确的语法
1.3.1.1人称
Wecarriedoutseveralstudieswhich......
(Itwascarriedinseveralstudiesthat......)
First,youadjustthedialatthetopofmachinetothetemperatureyouwish,thenyouturntheswitch“on-off”tostartthemachine.
Itisknowntoallthatthereisnoairinspace.
Allofthesevalueswereobtainedbygaschromatography/massspectrometry.
Allfurtherinvestigationsshowed......
(Itwasshowedthatallfurtherinvestigations......)
1.3.1.2时态
Becausecertainfunctionsofglycoproteinsincellmembershaveattentionofbiochemists,thestructuralelucidationofglycoproteinsatthemolecularlevelhasbecomeachallengingtopics.Ovalbuminisanabundantlyavailable,carbohydrate-richproteincontainedintheeggwhiteofhens.Weuseditasamodelglycoproteintoinvestigatemassspectrometricbehaviorandanalyticaltechniquesforthisclassofcompounds.Wehaveconductedstructuralstudiesoncarbohydratesinhenovalbuminbyfastatombombardmentmassspectrometry(FAB-MS)andchemicalderivatization,andhavediscoveredsomenewglycopeptides(Wangetal.,1988;1989).Theheterogeneityofthesugarchainsinovalbuminiswellknown(Huangetal.,1970)andthemolecularweightrangeofthesugarchainsis1000-3000Da.Therearemanymethodsusedtoobtainhomogeneousstatesofglycopepticmolecules,forexamplegelpermeationchromatography(Atlinsonetal.,1981)gelelectrophoresis(Taietal.,1975;1977),andHPLC(Ceccarinietal.,1983;1984).HPLChasbeenshowntobeaneffectiveandconvenientmethod.Ourexperimentsshowedthatglycopeptidesobtainedthroughaseriesofgelfiltration,fractionationanddesaltingwerepureenoughforFAB-MS,whichcangiveMWandsequenceinformationfornativeandpermethylatedglycopeptides,respectively(Wangetal.,1988;1989).Thepresentpaperdescribestheprocedureforpreparingovalbuminglycopeptides,thespecificmethodsforobtainingpureglycopeptides,andtheHPLCseparationofeveryglycopeptideinthefractionscollectedoffaDowexcolumn.Webelievethesearethemostcompletedatapresentedtodate.
1.3.1.3主语和动词在数上的一致性
Eitheroxideorsaltcausesthekindofcastingfailure.
Themainfactor,weatherconditions,isinourfavor.
Weatherconditions,themainfactor,areinourfavor.
Economics(mathematics,news,physics,ethics,staminaetc.)is......
Scissors(trousers,barracks,glasses,chopsticks,tacticsetc.)are......
1.3.1.4动词及物和不及物的区分
Iwouldappreciateitifyoufaxusareplyimmediately.
Whomdidyougivethesereferencebooksto?
Thechildrenarelearningtotalk.
ThechildrenarelearningtotalkEnglish
1.3.1.5副词的位置
方式副词和频度副词:
放在复合动词之前;
时间副词和其它副词:
放在复合动词之后;
程度副词:
放在复合动词之中,以强调修饰的动词
Suchas,thereactionisparticularlywelladapted.
修饰词要尽可能紧靠被修饰的词。
修饰词的位置不同会引起不同的含意。
HesaidthathehadEnglishbooksonly.他说他只有英语书。
HesaidthathehadonlyEnglishbooks.他说他只有英语书。
HesaidthatonlyhehadEnglishbooks.他说只有他有英语书。
HesaidonlythathehadEnglishbooks.他只说了他有英语书。
HeonlysaidthathehadEnglishbooks.他只是说了一下他有英语书。
OnlyhesaidthathehadEnglishbooks.只有他说了他有英语书。
SimilaradverbisEVEN.
尽可能不要将副词放在及物动词和它的宾语之间,尤其是一个长的状语。
Forexample,tocomparethesentence
“thereactionaffordsinexcellentyieldd-tartaricacid,aD+12°”
with
“thereactionaffordsd-tartaricacid,aD+12°,inexcellentyield”.
1.3.1.6形容词的词序
VISACOM
VI---view,suchasbeautiful,horrible,lovelyetc.表示人们观点的形容词
S---shape,suchaslong,round,narrowetc.表示形状的形容词
A---age,suchasold,new,youngetc.表示年龄、年代的形容词
C---color,suchasred,yellow,nudeetc.表示颜色的形容词
O---origin,suchasBritish,Chinese,mountainousetc.表示国籍、地
区的形容词
M---material,suchasplastic,metal,silketc.表示材料的形容词
1.3.2用词
1.3.2.1choose,select,pick,elect
Weshouldthebestbooksforreading.
IaMickeyMouseT-shirtinthemanytrophies.
Theyarefromamongthestudentsastherepresentatives.
Youshouldyourwayinthefuturelife.
1.3.2.2ago,before
Theexperimentwascompletedashorttime.
Hesaidthathehadfinishedhishomeworktwodays
1.3.2.3forexample(e.g.exempligratia),forinstance
Forexample,whenthereisacrimeatamall,theremaybebankATMvideosthatrecordsuspectsenteringorleavingthecrimearea.
Inaddition,suspectsmayhavebeeninothernearbylocations,forinstancestreetsusedforentryorexitroutes.
1.3.3强势的表达方式
1.3.3.1自动语气比被动语气有力
Itwillbeseenfromthetable.....
Thetableshows......
Arelationbetween......wasdiscovered.
Wediscoveredarelationbetween.......
Arelationbetween......wasdiscoveredbyus.
Atthebeginningofthedistillationdropletsofwatercanbeobservedtoform.
Dropletsofwaterappearedatthebeginningofthedistillation.
1.3.3.2行为动词比存在动词有力
Youareonhistoricground.
SoldierofFrance,fortycountrieslookdownuponyou.
Theresultswerenegative.Anattractivehypothesiswasthatlightcausesthedoublebondtoshiftfromthe△5tothe△4positiontoproduceanenergy-richerisomerwhichisphysiologicallyactive,butsuchacompound(crude)whentestedwasdevoidofantirachiticactivityeitherassuchorafterirradiation.
Nonepossessedactivity.Possiblylightcausesthedoublebondtoshiftfromthe△5tothe△4positiontoproduceanenergy-richer,physiologicallyactiveisomer.Thepostulatedisomerwasprepared(crude);itlackedantirachiticactivityeitherassuchorafterirradiation.
1.3.3.3其它的表达方式
●避免使用一串名词
650000electronvoltsenergylevelelectrons......
Electronswithanenergyofmorethan650000electronvolts......
●省略不必要的关系代词
Thedatathatareinthereportseemvalid.
Thedatainthereportseemvalid.
Theexperiment,whichwascompletedlastyear,wascostly.
Theexperimentcompletedlastyearwascostly.
●改变词序
Rubber-basedpaintshavetheadvantageoffasterdryingpropertiesoveroil-basedpaints.
Theadvantageofrubber-basedpaintsoveroil-basedpaintsistheirfasterdryingproperties.
1.3.4.精炼
1.3.4.1减少不必要的重复
Thefirstflooristhemixingfloorwiththemixersuspendedunderneaththefirstfloor.
Themixerissuspendedunderthefirstormixingfloor.
1.3.4.2减少不必要的词语
Atthepresenttimewearebehindinouranticipatedproductionduetothefactthatmaterialshavebecomeveryscarce.
Atpresent,wearebehindinproductionbecauseofashortageofmaterials.
1.3.4.3减少过多的无人称的代词it
Itisevidentthat......Evidently......
Itwouldappearthat.....Apparently......
Itisthenclearthat......Clearly......
Itwouldthusseem......Clearly......
Itisofinterestthat......Interestingly......
Itisourconclusionthat......Weconcludethat......
无人称的代词it主要用于结论和建议。
.
1.3.4.4减少过多的the
......toattemptthesynthesisofcompounds......
......canbeemployedsatisfactorilyforthetechnicalproduction......
TheElementsofPhysicalChemistry
近来的趋势是省略章节标题中的和书名中的the。
1.3.4.5以短代长
Theresultswereinconclusiveowingtothefactthat(because)thecatalystwascontaminated.
Reductionforalloftheketonesinmanycasesrequires.......
Reductionofketonesrequire......
1.3.4.6省略
Themetallicsodium,particularlywhenitisoil-free,explodesandburnseasily.省略哪些?
1.3.5.句型变化
1.3.5.1句子长短
Thequalityofthehalf-tonereproductiondependsbothonthegradeofpaperused(theglossierthebetter)andonthefinenessofthescreen,ingeneral,thefinerscreensgivingthebetterdetail,butthelimitissetbytheabsorbencyofthepaperandthequalityoftheprinting,noteveryprinterbeingequippedtoreproducehalf-toneswithmaximumclarity.
Thequalityofthehalf-tonereproductiondependsbothonthegradeofpaperusedandonthefinenessofscreen.Ingeneral,glossypaperandfinescreengivebetterdetail,butthelimitissetbytheabsorbencyofpaperandthequalityofprinter.Noteveryprinterisequippedtoproducehalf-tonewithmaximumclarity.
Heavisidewasawonderfulelectricalengineer.Hewasalsoamathematicalgenius.Atfirstheworkedinatelegraphofficeandhadtoleavebecausehebecamedeaf.FinallyheretiredtoPaignton,inDevon,andlivedalone.Hewrotearticlesandhiseditorsmadehimcondensethem.Thesearticleswerenodoubthardbeforetheywerecondensed.Theyarefarhardernow.
Heavisidewasnotonlyawonderfulelectricalengineerbutalsoamathematicalgenius.OwingtodeafnesshehadtoleavetelegraphofficewherehefirstworkedandretiredtoPaignton,inDevon,wherehelivedalone.
Hewroteanumberofarticleswhichwerenodoubthardenoughtounderstandbeforehiseditorsmadehimcondensethem.Theyarefarhardernow.
1.3.5.2句子结构的变化
Whenthetrapisready,setitnearanoldlog.Whenyouhavebaiteditwithcornorpeanuts,tiealongstringalongthegroundforaboutfiftyfeet.Wheneverythingisready,takeholdofthestringandwaitforachipmunktoappear.
Afterbaitingachipmunkwithcornandpeanuts,tiealongstringtothetriggerreleaseandrunthestringalongthegroundforfiftyfeet.
1.3.5.3主从结构代替平列句
Yourorderwasdirectedtothewrongprogram;thatiswhythecomputercouldnotberunatonce.
Becauseyourorderwasdirectedtothewrongprogram,itcouldnotberunatonce.
KILListheguardatgateofyourcomputer,itsentoutaalarmwhileaviruscame.
KILL,whichistheguardatgateofyourcomputer,sentoutaalarmwhileaviruscame.
1.3.5.4平行结构
Therequirementofagoodpaintarethatitgiveauniformcoating;tobewater-andcorrosion-resistant;andeaseofapplication.
Therequirementofagoodpaintarethatitgiveauniformcoating;thatitiswater-andcorrosion-resistant;andthatitiseasytoapply.
Therequirementofagoodpaintareproductionof
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